Immunology 1 - The immune response to infection/ primary immune deficiencies part 1

Question 1

What is the main difference in function between neutrophils and macrophages?

Answer 1

Macrophages can present antigen on their surface following phagocytosis, but neutrophils cannot

Question 2

Give two examples of pattern recognition receptor

Answer 2

Toll like receptor

Mannose receptor

Question 3

How is pus formed?

Answer 3

Following phagocytosis, neutrophils die

When they die, they release residual enzymes which causes the liquefication of closely adjacent material

This forms pus

Question 4

What is opsonisation?

Answer 4

Modification of a pathogen to attract it to a NK or phagocytic cell

May be mediated by antibodies, complement components or acute phase proteins

Enables phagocytosis

Question 5

What role do NK cells play in regulating immunity?

Answer 5

Express inhibitory receptors for self-HLA molecules

Question 6

Describe the changes that occurs in dendritic cells following phagocytosis

Answer 6

1. Upregulate expression of HLA-1
2. Express costimulatory molecules
3. Migrate via lymphatics to lymph nodes (mediated by CCR7)
4. Process non-self antigen and present it to T cells in lymph nodes to prime the adaptive immune response

Question 7

Recall 2 functions of CD4+ T lymphocytes

Answer 7

Provide help for development of:

1. Full B cell response
2. Some CD8+ T cell responses

Question 8

Which type of plasma cell is dependent on CD4+ T cells for activation?

Answer 8

IgG

Question 9

Which components of complement comprise the classical pathway?

Answer 9

C1 C2 C4

Question 10

Which components of complement comprise the mannose binding lectin pathway?

Answer 10

C2 C4

Question 11

What is the role of the membrane attack complex formed at the end of the complement pathway?

Answer 11

Makes holes in membranes

Question 12

What is the first class of immunoglobulin to be made in the adaptive immune response?

Answer 12

IgM

Question 13

What is the difference between oxidative and non-oxidative killing?

Answer 13

Oxidative: uses NADPH and hydrochlorous acid

Non-oxidative: uses lysosymes

Question 14

Which form of HLA is recognised by CD4 cells?

Answer 14

HLA-2

Question 15

Which form of HLA is recognised by CD8 cells?

Answer 15

HLA-1

Question 16

Which cytokines induce development of CD4 T cells into Th1 cells?

Answer 16

IL2 and IFN gamma

Question 17

What is the function of Th1 cells?

Answer 17

‘Help’ CD8 T cell and macropage responses

Question 18

Which cytokines induce development of CD4 T cells into Th17 cells?

Answer 18

IL6 and TGF beta

Question 19

What is the function of Th17 cells?

Answer 19

‘Help’ neutrophil recruitment

Question 20

Which cytokine induces development of CD4 T cells into Treg cells?

Answer 20

TGF beta

Question 21

Which cytokine induces development of CD4 T cells into follicular T helper cells?

Answer 21

IL6

Question 22

Which type of T cell produces CD25 and FOXP3?

Answer 22

T reg cells

Question 23

By what mechanism do CD8 cells effect their cytotoxicity?

Answer 23

Injection of perforin, which enables granzyme entry
OR
Fas ligand expression

Question 24

Which cytokines are secreted by CD8 T cells?

Answer 24

IFN gamma and TNF alpha

Question 25

How do CD4 cells activate B cells?

Answer 25

Express CD40 ligand, which interacts with CD40 on immature B cell surface, causing the B cell to differentiate

Question 26

Recall the 2 processes that B cells undergo to become mature

Answer 26

1. Class switching

2. Somatic hypermutation

Question 27

Which part of an immunoglobulin determines its class?

Answer 27

Heavy chain

Question 28

Which class of immunoglobin forms a pentamer?

Answer 28

IgM

Question 29

Which class of immunoglobulin forms a dimer?

Answer 29

IgA

Question 30

Which portion of an immunoglobulin mediates pathogen identification?

Answer 30

Fab portion

Question 31

Which portion of an immunoglobulin mediates activation of complement/ NK cells?

Answer 31

Fc portion

Question 32

Where is complement produced?

Answer 32

Liver