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PM3A > Immunology 1 > Flashcards

Immunology 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why is immunology complex?

A

Vital – 100% essential for life!
Potent- can kill in seconds
Multiple elements and systems
-replicated elements and systems
-interconnected elements and systems
Variation in humans
Variation in microbial pathogens

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2
Q

why is it important to be aware of the complexity of immunology?

A

Manipulating immune system can have severe side effects
Multiple therapeutics may be needed to treat a single disease
A single therapeutic can have variable efficacy
Some conditions are difficult to treat
Explains gulf between management and cure

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3
Q

what is an immune system?

A

All parts of the organism that combat infection

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4
Q

what are the 2 parts of immune system?

A

Innate immunity (most important)
Adaptive immunity (most complicated)

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5
Q

what are the 5 diseases categories
EXAM

A

Infection, Hypersensitivity, Autoimmunity, Transplantation, Cancer

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6
Q

Divide up therapeutics:

A

Activate vs inhibit
Cure vs block vs soothe

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7
Q

what are the 5 concepts of immunology?

A

Innate, Adaptive, Antigen Specificity, Lymphocytes, Effector Mechanisms

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8
Q

explain the concept innate?

A

Evolved defences against all microbes
Barriers- skin, acid
Sequestration of nutrients
Antimicrobials- lysozyme
Tissue and cellular injury: acute inflammation
Antiviral responses- interferon
Specific innate microbial recognition – born with it

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9
Q

what is innate response to cellular and tissue injury

A

acute inflammation
Innate response to cellular and tissue injury
Pain, Heat, Redness, Swelling

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10
Q

what an acute inflammation be triggered by?

A

Triggered by tissue or cellular injury

Very many mediators including: Complement, Clotting, Kinin system, Histamine, Eicosanoid pathway

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11
Q

Acute imflammation
Innate response to cellular and tissue injury
LINKED TO BUT SEPARATE FROM IMMUNE SYSTEM
Can be CONFUSING- many components involved in BOTH tissue repair and healing
AND immune response to pathogens/infection

A
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12
Q

how is innate microbial recognition work

A

Key: mammals have unique biochemical makeup; microbes look fundamentally ‘different

Classic example:
LPS, endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide

Bacterial cell wall component
(gram negatives e.g. E. coli)

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13
Q

explain the concept adaptive ?

A

Learned response to ‘antigens’
Memory
Characterised by Lymphocyte responses
Expansion of specific T and B cells
Production of antibodies

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14
Q

what is the difference between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Innate :
Recognition/ specificity: Microbes, injury, At any time, Always the same
When learnt: evolutionary time
how : many mechanisms

Adaptive
Recognition/ specificity: Anything: “ANTI GEN, Only after “priming” , Memory of encounter
When learnt: Lifetime of individual- does not pass on
how : antigen recognition

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15
Q

antigen specificity:
What can the adaptive immune system learn to recognise?

A

anything (almost)
structures (antibodies) - 2 binding sites
peptides more than 8 or 8 amino acids (T cell receptor)
Read and recognize peptides (broken down protein)

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16
Q

what are Structural antigens are recognised by

A

antibodies

Variable region binds to antigen via mixture of hydrophobic/hydrophilic, electrostatic, hydogen bonding, van-der-waals interactions

Binding high-affinity and stable - strongest
Not always specific! Some binding sites shared

17
Q

Peptide antigens are recognised by what receptors

A

the T cell receptor

Proteins are made up of many overlapping peptides For 8mer, theoretically 208 different ones!
Peptide is ‘sandwiched’ between MHC molecule and T cell receptor

18
Q

what is the role of lympocyte and examples

A

Lymphocytes have to enable the adaptive immune system to:
recognise any antigen
‘learn to respond’ and ‘remember’
kill microbes

B cells (make antibody)
T cells (respond to peptides)
Live in blood, lymph nodes, bone marrow
Both have random, clonal antigen receptors

19
Q

what is the role of b cells

A

make antibodies

20
Q

what is the role of T cells

A

responds to peptide

21
Q

how does B cell recognise antigen?

A

Directly bind antigen via antibody molecule on surface of cell

22
Q

how does T cell recognise antigen?

A

Bind antigen peptide on MHC molecule bound on surface of dendritic cell (DC)

23
Q

what are the three life stages of lympocytes?

A

Generation, selection
Enabling the body to recognise anything

2 Priming, replication, clonal expansion
Learning what to respond to - and remembering

3 Effector function
Recognising and killing microbes

24
Q

explain generation of lymphocytes

A

Lymphocytes –like other blood cells - are derived from bone marrow cells but they are totally unique – their genome is randomly rearranged to give each cell a single antigen receptor
But after rearranging, lymphocytes are selected for safe and effective function – “tolerance”

25
Q

innate signals control what responses

A

adaptive

26
Q

what is the effector mechanism

A

Types of antibody
Binding and blocking
Histamine
Phagocytosis

27
Q

what are the types of T cell and their role

A

Killers: Direct killing of virally infected cells
Helpers: Cytokine release and inflammation
Helpers: Control B cell antibody responses

28
Q

what are the antibodies which is responsible for activating and blocking

A

Toxins can be bound and inactivated by

antibodies can directly block viral infection

Antigen bound by IgG and IgM activates ‘complement’ which can punch holes in cell walls

29
Q

types of antibodies - histamine

A

Mast cells are ‘sentinels’ coated with IgE
Antigen recognition triggers histamine release
Macrophages are coated with receptors for IgG and rapidly phagocytose antibody bound to antigen

30
Q

type of T lymphocyte

A

CD8 Killers: Direct killing of virally infected cells
CD4 Helpers: Trigger inflammation

31
Q

Central role for CD4 helper T lymphocytes

A

1 Antigen bound by B cell antibody
2 B cell presents peptide derived from antigen
3 Peptide recognition by CD4 helper on B lymphocyte triggers activation signals to B cell
4 High levels of antibody against same antigen that peptide was derived from

32
Q

what is AIDS caused due to

A

AIDS is caused by destruction of all CD4 T cells by HIV

33
Q

what are the interventions for transplantation

A

Transplantation
Glucocorticoids
Antiproliferatives
Calcineurin inhibitors
Other immunosuppressants

34
Q

what are the interventions for autoimmunity

A

Analgesics
Glucocorticoids
Antiproliferatives
Calcineurin inhibitors
Other immunosupressants
+ Symptom management

35
Q

interventions for Activating the immune system

A

Vaccines
Immune stimulators

36
Q

what are the interventions for cancer

A

Cancer
Checkpoint inhibitors
Cancer vaccines
T cell immunotherapy

37
Q

what are the interventions for Controlling hypersensitivity reactions

A

Antihistamines
Glucocorticoids
+ Symptom management

PM3A (17 decks)

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