Immunological Memory & Vaccines

Question 1

Three kinds of B cells generated during an original activation by an antigen

Answer 1

1. short-lived plasma B cell
2. long-lived plasma B cell
3. central memory B cell

Question 2

central memory B cells take up residence in the …

Answer 2

lymphoid organs

Question 3

where do long-lived plasma B cells reside in?

Answer 3

take up residence in bone marrow

Question 4

which cells resupply the long-lived plasma B cells

Answer 4

central memory B cells

Question 5

Two main kinds of T cells generated during original activation by an antigen

Answer 5

1. memory effector T cells

2. central memory T cells

Question 6

which memory T cell resides in the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 6

central memory T cell

Question 7

which memory T cell circulates in the bloodstream and is in the tissues?

Answer 7

memory effector T cells

Question 8

Three main properties of adaptive memory responses

Answer 8

1. memory response to a second attack is much faster and more robust bc there are more cells to respond than during the initial activation
2. memory B and T cells are easier to activate bc they’ve already gone through the ‘two-key’ selective stimulation process and are ‘ready-to-go’
3. with memory b cells, the response has also been refined by class switching and affinity maturation

Question 9

T or F. B cells continue to deploy their weapons (Abs) even after an invasion is stopped, whereas T cells do not

Answer 9

T

Question 10

How do we know what type of immunity we need?

Answer 10

• examine people who survive an infection
• see what response they’ve made to what part of the organism, and determine if we can use that information to our advantage

Question 11

non-infectious vaccines use …

Answer 11

Th and B cell memory only

Question 12

list non-infectious vaccines

Answer 12

• killed whole organisms

- parts of organisms = usually requires boosters to obtain and maintain full immunity

Question 13

glycanp-peptides

Answer 13

endosomal degradation of glycoconjugates yields processed glycans conjugated to peptides

Question 14

glycoconjugate vaccines

Answer 14

glycanp-peptides not peptide-only components that are presented on MHC II molecules
- the peptide component binds to the MHC II molecule, while the covalently attached glycanp component is recognized by the T-cell receptor

Question 15

These vaccines can stimulate CTL memory

Answer 15

attenuated vaccines

Question 16

properties of attenuated vaccines

Answer 16

• live and infectious but NOT virulent
• vaccines for viruses typically (mutated so can’t cause full-blown disease)
• infection of APCs provides basis for CTL memory
• produces better local immunity, more like natural infection
• immunity lasts longer with fewer or no boosters needed
• can mutate and revert to virulence but rarely

Question 17

Carrier vaccines

Answer 17

• novel
• “trojan horse strategy”
• uses non-pathogenic virus engineered to carry some key genes of a pathogen
• can produce memory CTLs

Question 18

RNA vaccines

Answer 18

• novel
• DCs take up mRNA, translate it to produce proteins that are then presented to B and T cells
• can produce memory CTLs

Question 19

Logic for vaccine adjuvants

Answer 19

• good immune response requires that vaccines be seen as both foreign and dangerous
• both signals occur with attenuated vaccines
• non-living vaccines only seen as foreign SO…
• adjuvants (like aluminium hydroxide or MPL) provide a danger signal to improve the immune response to protein or other non-living component vaccines