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Immunology > Immunological memory > Flashcards

Immunological memory Flashcards

1
Q

phases from entry of microorganism to clearance of pathogen

A
  1. establishment of infection
  2. inductive phase
  3. effector phase
  4. memory phase
    *duration of infection is from phases 1 to 3
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2
Q

stages of a response to an infection

A

penetration of epithelium
local infection of tissues
lymphatic spread
adaptive immunity

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3
Q

response to infection mechanism: penetration of epithelium

A

wound healing induced antimicrobial peptides, phagocytes and complement destroy invading microorganisms

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4
Q

response to infection mechanism: local infection of tissues

A

complement activation
dendritic cells migrate to lymph nodes
phagocyte action
NK cells activated
cytokines and chemokines produced

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5
Q

response to infection mechanism: lymphatic spread

A

pathogens trapped and phagocytosed in lymphoid tissue
adaptive immunity initiated by migrating dendritic cells

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6
Q

response to infection mechanism: adaptive immunity

A

infection cleared by specific antibody
T-cell dependent macrophage activation and cytotoxic T cells

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7
Q

types of ILC’s and the type of pathogen they respond to

A

cytotoxic ILC (NK): viruses
group 1 ILC: intracellular bacteria
group 2 ILC: helminths (parasites)
group 3 ILC: extracellular bacteria

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8
Q

types of ILC’s and the innate sensor cell that releases cytokines and chemokines to activate each of them

A

cytotoxic ILC (NK): DCs
group 1 ILC: macrophages
group 2 ILC: Tuft cells
group 3 ILC: macrophages and DCs

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9
Q

cytokines and chemokines produced by innate sensor cells activate…

A

Innate lymphoid cells

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10
Q

types of innate sensor cells

A

dendritic cells
macrophages
tuft cells

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11
Q

what makes up immune effector modules

A

integration of ILC’s, T-cell subsets and innate effector cells

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12
Q

what is the role of T-helper 1 cells

A

coordinate and amplify host response to intracellular pathogens through classical activation of macrophages

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13
Q

what is the role of T-helper 2 cells

A

coordinate type 2 responses to expel intestinal helminths and repair tissue injury

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14
Q

what Is the role of T-helper 17 cells

A

coordinate type 3 responses to enhance the clearance of extracellular bacteria and fungi
IL17 and IL22 induce the production of AMPs by epithelial cells

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15
Q

what processes are included in the primary immune response

A

T and B cell activation
differentiation
proliferation

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16
Q

properties of the primary immune response

A

type of B cell: naive
lag time: 4-7 days
time of peak response: 7-10 days
magnitude of peak response: antigen-dependent
isotype: IgM
antibody affinity: low

17
Q

properties of the secondary immune response

A

type of B cell: memory
lag time: 1-3 days
time of peak response: 3-5 days
magnitude of peak response: 1000x higher than primary
isotype: IgG
antibody affinity: high

18
Q

immunological memory is long-lived after…

A

infection or vaccination

19
Q

what are the 2 general models for memory T cell development

A
  1. linear model: memory T cells arise from effector T cells as the primary immune response subsides
  2. branching model: an activated naive T cell gives rise to daughter cells that commit to either effector OR memory cell program
20
Q

what are the types of memory T cells

A

central memory (Tcm)
effector memory (Tem)
tissue-resident subsets (Trm)

21
Q

Protein = CCR7
what T cells is it present in and what are its functions

A

naive T cell, central mem. T cell
chemokine receptor for getting into the lymph node

22
Q

protein = CD45RA (or CD45R0)
what T cells is it present in and what are its functions

A

all naive, effector and memory T cells
modulates T cell receptor signalling

23
Q

protein = Bcl-2
what T cells is it present in and what are its functions

A

naive, all memory T cells and some effector T cells
prevents intrinsic apoptosis, promotes cell survival

24
Q

what alters when naive T cells become memory T cells

A

the expression of certain proteins

25
Q

where do each type of memory T cell reside within our tissues

A

central memory T cell: recirculate between blood, T cell zones of SLO and lymph
effector memory T cells: recirculate between non-lymphoid tissues lymph, lymph nodes, and blood. some remain in circulation and migrate only though spleen
resident memory T cells: do not recirculate, confined to a single tissue

26
Q

circulating memory T cells acquire heightened sensitivity to which cytokines

A

IL7 and IL15

27
Q

how do memory T cells survive long-term

A

they undergo metabolic reprogramming

28
Q

what are the requirements for naive T cell survival

A

require signals from contact with self peptide:MHC complexes and the cytokine IL-7

29
Q

what are the requirements for memory T cell survival

A

need contact with cognate peptide:MHC complexes but reduced co-stimulation to undergo clonal expansion

30
Q

related to antibodies, what increases with repeated immunization

A

the affinity and amount of antibody

31
Q

what happens to lymphocytes with repeated immunization

A
  • memory B cells can re-enter germinal centres and undergo additional somatic hypermutation and affinity maturation during secondary immune responses
  • in immune individuals, secondary subsequent responses are mainly attributable to memory lymphocytes
32
Q

what is Fcy-RIIB1

A
  • an inhibitory receptor on the surface of naive B cells - blocks their activation in secondary response
  • interacts with Fc component of IgG
33
Q

what is RHoGAM

A

an anti-Rh Ig
it binds to the FcyRIIB1 inhibitory receptor on naive B cells that recognize Rh

34
Q

what is the original antigenic sin

A
  • individuals who have been infected with one variant of a virus are infected with a different variant, they make antibodies only agains epitopes that are present on the initial virus
  • benefits host through rapid response
  • pattern breaks only when exposure to completely novel virus variants lacking original epitopes

Immunology (22 decks)

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