2. Principles of Innate immunity

Question 1

innate vs adaptive immunity

Answer 1

innate = first line of defense, non-specific, present at birth, immediate response, broad range of pathogens, no memory

adaptive = second line of defense, specific, learned, time to develop, specific, memory

Question 2

examples of physical barriers

Answer 2

respiratory epithelium, oral mucosa, tears, mucus, skin, intestine

Question 3

examples of chemical barriers

Answer 3

enzymes: pepsin, lysozyme
complement: C3
antimicrobial proteins: defensins, RegIIIy, mucin, cathelicidin

Question 4

chemical barriers of the skin

Answer 4

fatty acids
B-defensins
lamellar bodies
cathelcidin

Question 5

chemical barriers of the gut

Answer 5

low pH (acid)
enzymes (pepsin)
a-defensins
RegIII
cathelicidin

Question 6

chemical barriers of the lungs

Answer 6

surfactant
a-defensins
cathelicidin

Question 7

chemical barriers of the eyes, nose and oral cavity

Answer 7

lysozyme
histatins
B-defensins

Question 8

what are commensals

Answer 8

non-harmful resident bacteria

Question 9

mucus and mucins in diseases of the intestinal and respiratory tracts

Answer 9

when there is depleted mucus bacteria can gain entry to the gut because mucins are not there to fight them off
causes inflammation of the colon

Question 10

lysozyme in protection against gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria

Answer 10

lysozyme is more effective against gram-positive bacteria because its peptidoglycan layer is more accessible

Question 11

what does lysozyme do

Answer 11

creates defects in the peptidoglycan layer of bacteria and exposes the underlying cell membrane to other antimicrobial agents

Question 12

what do defensins do

Answer 12

disrupt cell membranes of microbes by inserting themselves in the lipid bilayer - leads to the formation of pores and loss of membrane integrity

Question 13

which leukocytes are granulocytes

Answer 13

neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
mast cells

Question 14

which leukocytes are agranulocytes

Answer 14

monocytes - macrophages & dendritic cells
NK cells
ILCs
dendritic cells (other type)

Question 15

which leukocytes came from the myeloid lineage

Answer 15

dendritic cell
neutrophil
basophil
eosinophil
mast cell
monocyte - macrophage

Question 16

which leukocytes came from the lymphoid lineage

Answer 16

B cells
T cells
NK cells
ILCs

Question 17

which leukocytes make up the 3 classes of phagocytes in the immune system

Answer 17

macrophages
granulocytes (all)
dendritic cells

Question 18

most to least abundant WBCs

Answer 18

neutrophils
lymphocytes (B and T)
monocytes
eosinophils
basophils

Question 19

where do hematopoietic stem cells reside

Answer 19

the bone marrow

Question 20

what are granulocytes

Answer 20

WBCs that contain granules in their cytoplasm which contain important proteins and chemicals for an immune response

Question 21

neutrophil function

Answer 21

phagocytosis and activation of bactericidal mechanisms

Question 22

basophil function

Answer 22

promotion of allergic responses and augmentation of anti-parasitic immunity

Question 23

eosinophil function

Answer 23

killing of antibody-coated parasites

Question 24

mast cell function

Answer 24

release of granules containing histamine and active agents

Question 25

what are antigen-presenting cells (APCs)

Answer 25

process and present antigens to T cells, express MHC, bridge innate and adaptive immunity

Question 26

macrophage function

Answer 26

phagocytosis*
activation of bactericidal mechanisms
antigen presentation
cytokine production

Question 27

dendritic cell function

Answer 27

antigen presentation*
cytokine production

Question 28

Natural killer cell function

Answer 28

recognize and destroy virus-infected and tumor cells by releasing perforins and ganzymes
most important innate cell in antiviral response

Question 29

innate lymphoid cell (ILC) function

Answer 29

secrete cytokines to activate innate immune cells

Question 30

which cells bridge innate and adaptive immunity

Answer 30

dendritic cells

Question 31

what are cytokines

Answer 31

proteins released from sensor cells that recruit other cells for help

Question 32

what are the categories of pathogens from smallest to largest

Answer 32

viruses
intracellular bacteria
extracellular bacteria + protozoa
fungi
parasites

Question 33

extracellular pathogen examples

Answer 33

fungi, worms, viruses, bacteria, protazoa

Question 34

intracellular pathogens

Answer 34

viruses, bacteria, protazoa

Question 35

what provides an initial discrimination between self and non-self

Answer 35

Pattern-recognition receptors (PRR)

Question 36

sensor cells induce an inflammatory response by producing…

Answer 36

chemokines and cytokines

Question 37

function of cytokines

Answer 37

increase the permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluids and proteins to pass into the tissues

Question 38

functions of chemokines

Answer 38

produced by macrophages, direct the migration of neutrophils to the site of infections

Question 39

how do cytokines and chemokines cause inflammation

Answer 39

cytokine release causes vasodilation and increased vascular permeability which causes redness, heat and swelling
chemokine release causes inflammatory cells to migrate to tissues and release mediators which cause pain

Question 40

what is inflammation

Answer 40

a response triggered by cytokines which results in vasodilation, redness, warmth and swelling

Question 41

what is a fever

Answer 41

by-product of inflammation caused by cytokine and inflammatory mediators
increases body temp and decreases pathogen growth
increased adaptive immune response

Question 42

protective immunity mechanisms against extracellular pathogens

Answer 42

complement
phagocytosis
antibodies
antimicrobial peptides

Question 43

protective immunity mechanisms against intracellular pathogens

Answer 43

NK cells
cytotoxic T cells