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Immunology - CORE > Immunological Memory > Flashcards

Immunological Memory Flashcards

1
Q

What percentage of lymphocytes die after the first immune response?

A

> 95%

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2
Q

Which cells survive the detectable response?

A

plasma cells

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3
Q

Which cells survive the induced response?

A
  • memory B lymphocytes
  • memory Th lymphocytes
  • memory Tc lymphocytes
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4
Q

Where are plasma cells present?

A
  • spleen
  • lymph nodes
  • lamina propria
  • bone marrow
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5
Q

Describe plasma cells

A
  • secrete antibodies into bloodstream, lymph, mucosa - depending on location
  • secretes specific antibodies even when no infections
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6
Q

What do plasma cells not do?

A
  • class switch - already happened
  • undergo somatic hypermutation - already happened
  • function as an APC, move around
  • proliferate
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7
Q

Describe common features of memory lymphocytes

A
  • cells longer lasting
  • less co-stimulation required than naive
  • stronger responses after activation
  • responses can occur faster
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8
Q

Describe memory B and T cells

A
  • induced to respond when they see the antigen in a later infection
  • features of cells can lead to immunity from infectious diseases
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9
Q

Describe passive immunity

A
  • protection transferred from another person or animal
  • temporary protection that wanes with time
  • transfer of antibodies - not lymphocytes
  • eventually ends due to catabolism of antibodies - natural destruction
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10
Q

Describe which diseases can be treated using passive immunity/anti-sera

A
  • tetanus - used in horses and humans
  • hepatitis A and B
  • immunodeficient individuals
  • snake bites
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11
Q

Describe passive immunity in early childhood

A
  • most important here
  • no/very few adult-like T or B cells in peripheral lymphoid tissues at birth so incomplete immune system
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12
Q

Describe passive immunity in humans

A
  • placental transfer (3 layers)
  • IgG transfers across to foetus
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13
Q

Describe passive immunity in farm animals

A
  • placental transfer (6 layers)
  • no antibodies
  • colostrum and milk critical for IgG
  • inadequate colostrum leads to increased mortality and illness in calves
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14
Q

Describe passive immunity in chickens

A
  • serum immunoglobulins (IgY, IgM, IgA)
  • IgY transported from hen sera (egg yolk)
  • IgA/M transported from oviduct
  • protection from 10-20 days
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15
Q

Describe active immunity

A
  • protection produced by the person/animal’s own immune system
  • long term
  • infection & resolution leads to production of memory T and B cells plus plasma cells
  • second infection can be same pathogen - stronger, faster, more specific response
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16
Q

Describe natural infection vs vaccination

A

natural - immunological memory but also symptoms/pathology
vaccination - still want strong immunological memory but no/very limited symptoms

17
Q

Describe passive immunity in vaccination

A
  • vaccination of mother with specific goal of creating passive immunity for the offspring
  • example: Bovilis Rotavec Corona Emulsion
18
Q

Describe passive immunity in vaccination in regards to Bovilis Rotavec Corona Emulsion

A
  • contains inactivated rotavirus, inactivated coronavirus and attenuated E. coli
  • vaccinate intra-muscular 3-12 weeks before calving
  • calves will take up antibody from colostrum protected from enteric infection - 7 to 14 days
19
Q

Describe B cell activation

A
  • response characteristics of secondary memory response
  • faster response
  • most antibodies produced for longer
  • isotype switching has occurred: IgM/D -> IgG/A/E
20
Q

Describe serological memory and long lived plasma & B cells

A
  • both plasma and memory B cells originate in active immune response
  • specifically in germinal centres within secondary lymphoid organs
21
Q

Describe affinity maturation

A
  • as mature B cells proliferate they undergo somatic hypermutation - mutation of BCR - specifically V segments
  • far higher than other genes
  • generally single nucleotide changes
  • competition is key to increased affinity
22
Q

How is competition key to increased affinity?

A
  • B cells compete for survival signals based on recognition of antigen
  • present on follicular dendritic cells
23
Q

How are most memory B cells identified?

A

presence of CD27 molecule - co-stimulatory receptor

24
Q

What do memory T cells express higher levels of when activated?

A
  • adhesion molecules - important in APC interaction
  • IL-4 or IFN-ү - dependent on Th1 or Th2
  • IL-2Rβ - receptor for IL-15 and IL-2
25
Q

Describe IL-15

A
  • cytokine
  • lasts for a long time bound to IL-2Rβ
  • allows for low level division when bound to IL-2Rβ
  • antigen dependent
26
Q

What are the different types of memory T cells?

A
  • stem cell memory T cells - Tscm
  • central memory T cells - Tcm
  • effector memory T cells - Tem
  • tissue resident memory T cells - Trm
27
Q

Describe Tscm Cells

A
  • CCR7 positive - binds CCL19 and CCL21
  • CD62L high - L-selectin
  • L-selectin and CCR7 homing receptors for secondary lymphoid tissues - recirculate through blood and lymph nodes
  • increased proliferative potential upon re-stimulation
28
Q

Describe Tcm cells

A
  • CCR7 positive
  • CD62L high
  • highly similar to Tscm cells
  • stem cell memory look more like naive T cells (CD45RA+)
29
Q

Describe Tem cells

A
  • CCR7 negative
  • CD62L low
  • circulate through blood, specialised for quickly entering inflamed tissue
  • rapidly develop into effector cells following re-stimulation and quickly secrete large amounts of cytokines
30
Q

Describe Trm cells

A
  • CCR7 negative
  • CD62L low
  • resides in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues
  • express high levels of local non-lymphoid tissue-homing molecules such as CD103 and CD69
31
Q

What does it mean when T cell memory subsets are continuous?

A

some now discuss terminally differentiated effector memory cells vs others

Immunology - CORE (18 decks)

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