Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immunology - CORE > Cytokines > Flashcards

Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q

Describe cytokines

A
  • small, soluble proteins - peptides and glycoproteins
  • intracellular messengers of the immune system
  • most produced in response to signal
  • bind to specific membrane receptors due to large size
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe the family nomenclature of cytokines

A
  • where spacing of certain cystine molecules are within cytokines
  • CXC, CC, CX3C, XC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe chemokines

A
  • subset of cytokines
  • specialised function - chemoattractants
  • mobilise immune cells to move to tissues or within tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the family nomenclature of chemokines

A
  • interleukin-1, 2 and 17 family
  • interferon family
  • transforming growth factor
  • tumour necrosis factor
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the different actions of cytokines?

A
  • autocrine
  • paracrine
  • endocrine
  • pleiotropic
  • redundant
  • synergistic
  • antagonistic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Describe the autocrine action of cytokines

A
  • act on the cells that secrete them
  • e.g., action of IL-2 on T-Cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the paracrine action of cytokines

A
  • act on nearby cells
  • e.g., action of IFN during a viral infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the endocrine action of cytokines

A
  • act on distant cells
  • e.g., action of IL-1 in a systemic inflammatory response
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the pleiotropic action of cytokines

A

any given cytokine may have different biological effects on different target cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the redundant action of cytokines

A

two or more cytokines that mediate similar functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe the synergistic action of cytokines

A

combined effect of 2 cytokines is greater than the additive effect of each alone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Describe the antagonistic action of cytokines

A

effects of one cytokine inhibit or offset the effects of another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe how non-specific cytokine function is prevented

A
  • transient production
  • short half-lives
  • regulated receptor expression by target cells only after antigen activation
  • soluble cytokine receptors
  • antagonist cytokines
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe soluble cytokine receptors

A
  • can be ‘lost’ in diluted blood
  • 5 major families
  • receptors of different type may have same signal transduction action
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the 5 major soluble cytokine receptor families

A
  • class I cytokine receptors
  • class II cytokine receptors
  • immunoglobulin superfamily receptors
  • TNF receptors
  • chemokine receptors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe how cytokines are critical to different aspects of the immune system

A
  • clear target for treatment
  • enhance vaccination
  • enhance pathogen clearance
  • reduce pathology
  • control hypersensitivity/autoimmune disease
  • anti-cytokine therapy, part of immunotherapy
17
Q

Describe immunotherapy

A
  • introduction of immunological molecules e.g., cytokines
  • inhibition of immunological molecules e.g., antibodies against cytokines
  • modification of immunological molecules e.g., antibodies that activate immunological response
18
Q

What are the different types of cytokine therapy?

A
  • IFN alpha and beta
  • IL-2
  • Anti-IL-2R
  • Anti-IL-6
19
Q

Describe IFN-a and b cytokine therapy

A
  • used for hepatitis B and C - viral infections
  • combination with anti-viral drugs
  • also used to treat multiple sclerosis, cancer
20
Q

Describe IL-2 therapy

A
  • cancer
  • critical in T-Cell proliferation and activation
  • in vivo or ex vivo application of IL-2 to lymphocytes
  • stimulates and activates anti-tumour response
21
Q

Describe Anti-IL-2R therapy

A
  • critical in T-Cell proliferation and activation
  • blocking antibody against IL-2R
  • used in multiple sclerosis, transplantations
22
Q

Describe Anti-IL-6 therapy

A
  • Tocilizumab
  • IL-6 pro-inflammatory cytokine, associated with poor covid-19 prognosis
  • used in serious covid-19 patients, mixed results
23
Q

What are the challenges of cytokine therapy?

A
  • short half-lives - repeated treatments
  • largely a local impact - high doses
  • lots of side effects
  • increased chance of infection
24
Q

Give an example of anti-cytokine therapy

A

anti-TNF-alpha

25
Q

Describe Rheumatoid Arthtitis

A
  • hypersensitivity disease - III or IV
  • inflammation and damage of capsule around joints, lung and heart membranes
  • major cytokine involved is TNF-a
26
Q

Describe TNF-a

A
  • pro-inflammatory - activates macrophages
  • produces within minutes of fever and swelling
  • Golimumab, Adalimubab, Certolizumab
  • all monoclonal antibodies against TNF-a
27
Q

Describe how anti-TNF-a can be used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis

A
  • binds and blocks TNF-a
  • decreases frequency and magnitude of symptoms
  • increases physical function
28
Q

Describe monoclonal anti-sera

A
  • vaccinate target (TNF) into an animal to raise an antibody immune response
  • isolate from the spleen plasma cells recognising different epitopes

Immunology - CORE (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions