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PHARMACOLOGY > Immunologic Agents > Flashcards

Immunologic Agents Flashcards

1
Q

(3) Three modes of transmission of HIV infection

A
  1. Injection of infected blood.
  2. Sexual Contact
  3. Maternal-Fetal Transmission
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2
Q

Antiretroviral Therapy aims to:

(3) Factors

A
  1. Reduce the detectable viral load of HIV RNA as low as possible
  2. Maintain this level of suppression for as long as possible.
  3. Prevent opportunistic Infections
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3
Q

H.A.A.R.T stands for?

A

HIGHLY ACTIVE ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY (HAART)

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4
Q

Goals of HAART (5)

A
  1. Decreasing Virus Level to an undetectable levels
  2. Preserving and increasing the number of CD4+ T cells
  3. Preventing resistance
  4. Having client in good clinical condition
  5. Preventing secondary infections and cancers
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5
Q

Drug Class (?)

Generic:
Zidovudine,
Lamivudine,
Zidovudine and
Lamivudine,
Stavudine,
Didanosine,
Zalcitabine

Brand:
Retrovir, Epivir,
Combivir, Zerit, Videx,
Hivid

A

Nucleoside
Reverse
Transcriptase
Inhibitors (nRTI)

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6
Q

Drug Class (?)

Generic: Nevirapine

Brand: Viramune

A

Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor (NNRTI)

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7
Q

Drug Class: (?)

Generic:
Indinavir
Ritonavir,
Nelfinavir
Sequinavir

Brand:
Crixavan
Norvir
Viracept
Fortovase
Invirase

A

Protease Inhibitors (PI)

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8
Q

Under what class_______.NRTIs force the HIV virus to use faulty versions of building blocks so infected cells can’t make more HIV.

(8) Drugs

A

Nucleoside/Nucleotide Reverse
Transcriptase Inhibitors (NRTIs)

  1. Abacavir, or ABC (Ziagen)
  2. Didanosine, or ddl (Videx)
  3. Emtricitabine, or FTC (Emtriva)
  4. Lamivudine, or 3TC (Epivir)
  5. Stavudine, or d4T (Zerit)
  6. Tenofovir alafenamide, or TAF (Vemlidy)
  7. Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate, or TDF (Viread)
  8. Zidovudine or ZDV (Retrovir)
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9
Q

Under what class________. These are also called “non-nukes.” NNRTIs bind to a specific protein so the
HIV virus can’t make copies of itself.

(7) Drugs

A
  1. Cabotegravir/rilpivirine (Cabenuva)
    ○ Taken by mouth for one mouth (at least 28 days) to see how well you can take these medications
  2. Delavirdine or DLV (Rescripor)
  3. Doravirine, or DOR (Pifeltro)
  4. Efavirenz or EFV (Sustiva)
  5. Etravirine or ETR (Intelence)
  6. Nevirapine or NVP (Viramune)
  7. Rilpivirine or RPV (Edurant)
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10
Q

Under what class______. These drugs block a protein that infected cells need to put together new HIV virus
particles

(9) Drugs

A

Protease Inhibitors

  1. ◦ Atazanavir or ATV (Reyataz)
  2. Darunavir or DRV (Prezista)
  3. Fosamprenavir or FPV (Lexiva)
  4. Indinavir or IDV (Crixivan)
  5. Lopinavir + ritonavir, or LPV/r (Kaletra)
  6. Nelfinavir or NFV (Viracept)
  7. Ritonavir or RTV (Norvir)
  8. Saquinavir or SQV (Invirase, Fortovase)
  9. Tipranavir or TPV (Aptivus)
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11
Q

Under what class _____. These stop HIV from making copies of itself by blocking a key protein that allows the virus to put its DNA into the healthy cell’s DNA. They’re also called
integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs).

(6) Drugs

A

Integrase Inhibitors

  1. Bictegravir or BIC (combined with other drugs as Biktarvy)
  2. Cabotegravir and rilpivirine (Cabenuva)
  3. Cabotegravir (Vocabria)
  4. Dolutegravir or DTG (Tivicay)
  5. Elvitegravir or EVG (Vitekta)
  6. Raltegravir or RAL (Isentress)
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12
Q

Under what class_____? Unlike NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, and INSTIs, which work on infected cells,
these drugs block HIV from getting inside healthy cells.

(1) Drug

A

Fusion Inhibitors

  1. ENF: Enfuviritide

OR

  1. T-20: Fuzoen
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13
Q

It is for adults who have tried multiple HIV medications and whose HIV has been resistant to other therapies. It targets the glycoprotein 120 on the surface of the virus, stopping it from being able to attach itself to the CD4 Tcells of your body’s immune system

This is a new class of drug with just (1) medication, ___________

A

gp120 Attachment Inhibitor

  1. fostemsavir (Rukobia)
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14
Q

Maraviroc, or MVC (Selzentry), also stops HIV before it gets inside a healthy cell, but in a different way than fusion inhibitors. It blocks a specific kind
of “hook” on the outside of certain cells so the virus
can’t plug in.

A

CCR5 Antagonist

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15
Q

This is a new class of antiviral medication specifically for adults living with HIV who have tried multiple HIV medications and whose HIV has been resistant to other therapies. Ibalizumab-uiyk (Trogarzo) blocks your body’s
HIV infected cells from spreading the virus into those which are uninfected. It
is given by IV

A

Post-Attachment Inhibitor or
Monoclonal Antibody

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16
Q

Because these “drug boosters” can increase the levels of other drugs and cause potential harm, you should always tell your doctor about the
medicines you are taking.

(6 Drugs)

A

Pharmacologic Enhancers, or “Drug Boosters”

  1. Ritonavir (RTV), taken in a low dose, increases blood levels of lopinavir (LPV)
    and the drug LPV/r (Kaletra).
  2. Cobicistat (Tybost) does the same thing in combination
    with atazanavir, darunavir, elvitegravir.
  3. Atazanavir + cobicistat, or ATV/c (Evotaz)
  4. Darunavir + cobicistat, or DRV/c (Prezcobix)
  5. Elvitegravir + TDF + FTC + cobicistat, or EVG/c/TDF/FTC (Stribild)
  6. Elvitegravir + TAF + FTC + cobicistat, or EVG/c/TAF/FTC (Genvoya)
17
Q

What class is this __________

◦ Some drug manufacturers put together specific medicines into a
single pill so they’re easier to take, including:

(1) ?

(2) ??

A

Fixed Dose Combinations:

  1. Integrase strand transfer inhibitor (INSTI)-based:
  2. Bictegravir + tenofovir alafenamide + emtricitabine, or
    BIC/TAF/FTC (Biktarvy)
18
Q

Stands for pre-exposure prophylaxis. That means you take these medications before (“pre-“) HIV gets into your system (exposure) to help
protect against infection (prophylaxis).

These medications work quite well, but they aren’t foolproof – you need to take them every day for best effect, and even then, they don’t work 100% of
the time

A

PrEP Medication

19
Q

◦ PEP, or post-exposure prophylaxis, is a short course of HIV medicines taken
very soon after a possible exposure to HIV to prevent the virus from taking
hold in your body.

◦ You must start it within 72 hours (3 days) after a possible exposure to HIV, or it won’t work. Every hour counts!

◦ PEP should be used only in emergency situations. It is not meant for regular
use by people who may be exposed to HIV frequently.

◦ If you are prescribed PEP, you will need to take the HIV medicines every day
for 28 days.

A

Post-Exposure Prophylaxis

20
Q

Nursing Responsibilities

A
  1. Constantly monitor patient’s adherence to their
    drug regimen.
  2. Encouraged to openly discuss any problems
    they experience with their drug regimen
  3. ADHERENCE TO REGIMEN IS VITAL!!
  4. NON-ADHERENCE results to:
    A. Non adherence results
    B. Viral replication
    C. Increased VLs
    D. Deterioration of the immune system
    E. Development of resistant viral strains
21
Q

(3) Types of Vaccines

A
  1. Active Immunity
  2. Natural Immunity
  3. Acquired Immunity
22
Q

Pathogen invades the body

  1. The immune system ACTIVELY
    produces antibodies (Immunoglobulins) to fight infection
  2. Acquired by exposure to disease or vaccination
A

Active Immunity

23
Q

Determined in specific population

  1. Immunity gained W/O medical
    intervention
  2. Can be actively (natural infection) or passively (mother to child)
A

Natural Immunity

24
Q

Exposure to an antigen or from passive
injection of immunoglobulins

  1. Immunity gained AFTER birth
A

Acquired Immunity

25
Q

It was launched by the DOH together with WHO
and UNICEF to reduce the childhood immunizable disease:

A

Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI)

26
Q

EPI includes to eradicate (7) diseases:

A
  1. Tuberculosis
  2. Poliomyelitis
  3. Hepatitis B
  4. Measles
  5. Diphtheria
  6. Pertussis
  7. Tetanus
27
Q
  1. BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerine) Vaccine

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE:
6 WEEKS

NUMBER OF DOSES:
3 (4 WEEKS INTERVAL)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)
1. 2-3 gtts
2. Oral

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
- Tell parent not to feed the baby until after 30 min

  • Proper excreta disposal
28
Q
  1. Hepatitis B Vaccine

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE:
0 weeks

NUMBER OF DOSES:
3

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION:
- 5 cc
- IM
-Upper outer thighs

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS
- Not given to child above 10 years of age.

29
Q
  1. DPT (Diphtheria, Pertussis, Tetani)

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE:
6 weeks

NUMBER OF DOSES:
3 (4 weeks interval)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION:
- 5 cc
- IM
- Upper Outher thigh

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
- Occurence of slight fever is a normal response.

30
Q
  1. OPV (Oral Polio Vaccine)

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (6 weeks)

NUMBER OF DOSES:
3 (4 weeks interval

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION
- 2-3 gtts
- Oral

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
- Tell parent not to feed baby until after 30 mins
- Proper excreta disposal

31
Q
  1. Measles vaccine

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE:
9 months

NUMBER OF DOSES
1

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)
- 5 cc
- SQ
- R Deltoid

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
May cause pain on injection site

32
Q
  1. Tetanus Toxoid Vaccine

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE: (?)

NUMBER OF DOSES (?)

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS (?)

A

MIN AGE AT 1ST DOSE:
- as early as possible during pregnancy

NUMBER OF DOSES:
- But if pt received 3 doses DPT = TT1, TT2

DOSAGE, ROUTE, INDICATION (?)
- 5 CC
- IM
- Deltoid

NURSING CONSIDERATIONS:
- Deltoid

33
Q

Many people who are HIV ositive can now live much longer, healthier lives when
regularly taking __________

A

antiretroviral treatment.

PHARMACOLOGY (6 decks)

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