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Office Lab Procedures > Immunohematology, Urinary System > Flashcards

Immunohematology, Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What is a ketone?

A

substances that are made when the body breaks down fat for energy

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2
Q

Normal pH of urine

A

normal is 4.5-8.0 (6.0)

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3
Q

What can turbid urine mean?

A 
leukocytes
microscopic organisms 
mucus
menstrual discharge
feces
talcum powder
lipiduria (presence of fat globules): seen in patients with nephritic syndrome or major skeletal trauma
ingesting too much fatty food
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4
Q

What can blood in the urine mean?

A 
may indicate hemoglobinuria
Renal disorders
Infectious diseases
Trauma
Neoplasms
Excessive exercise
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5
Q

What is urine?

A

Urine is composed of 95% water, 5% urea, creatinine, acids and salts

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6
Q

Why is urine yellow?

A

Urochrome, depending on the concentration; medications (i.e penicillin) and foods can change the color

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7
Q

What does yellow foam in urine mean?

A

May indicate bilirubin and other bile pigments

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8
Q

What are regulators

A

Help maintain the body’s ability to excrete or retain water and to maintain proper acid-base balance. I.e Sodium and Potassium

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9
Q

What is an antibody?

A

A blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.

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10
Q

What is an antigen?

A

A foreign substance capable of initiating a response from the immune system

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11
Q

What is the ELISA test used for?

A

Used for testing for AIDS, Hep. A & B and German measles

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12
Q

Which drugs can you detect in urine?

A 
Alcohol
Amphetamine
Barbiturates
Sedatives
Stimulants
Major tranquilizers
Marijuana
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13
Q

What is compliment?

A

Complement aids the antibody in destroying antigens by entering the blood and the lymphatic system and traveling to every part of the body, destroying the antigen

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14
Q

What is specific gravity?

A

The measurement of the amount of solids in the urine. Normal is 1.003 to 1.030

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15
Q

The electrolytes that act as buffers are

A

Potassium

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16
Q

Different types of urinary calculi

A

Aka kidney stones. Most common is the calcium oxalate. Common findings:
o Obstruction, Infection, Hematuria

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17
Q

What is the product of muscle energy metabolism?

A

Creatinine

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18
Q

Difference between in-vitro and in-vivo

A

When antigen-antibody reactions occur in the patient, this is called in vivo reaction

When antigen-antibody reactions occur in a laboratory, this is called in vitro reactions

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19
Q

Active immunity

A
  • Acquired over a long period of time
  • Protects as a result of antibodies that have developed either naturally, after a previous infection, or artificially, after a vaccination
  • More permanent and long-lasting
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20
Q

Passive immunity

A

It is acquired from antibodies that are transferred either naturally from mother to child

21
Q

What do we use to test for pregnancy?

A

hCG hormone (human chorionic gonodotropin) Detected 8-10 days after conception

22
Q

How do we determine ABO groups?

A

Based on presence or absence of agglutination with a known antiserum

23
Q

How do we determine Rh groups?

A

Presence of D antigens on RBC surface based on the presence or absence of agglutination with anti-D antiserum. If D antigen is not present, no agglutination will occur. Rh+ will agglutinate in the presence of anti-D antiserum

24
Q

What is another name for immunohematology?

A

Blood bank

25
Q

Humoral immunity

A

Involves the B lymphocytes which originates in the bone marrow. Immunoglobulins activate a complement. These antibodies then circulate throughout the body, B lymphocytes have memory cells that allow for an immediate response in the event of future exposure to the same antigen

26
Q

Killer T cells

A

Produce cytotoxins, released when they bind with cancer cells, viruses or foreign cells. I.e: interferon and interleukins

27
Q

Helper T cells

A

Assist the B lymphocytes in attacking the antigens. Stimulate antibody production

28
Q

Suppressor T cells

A

Shut down the immune response when the antigen has been destroyed

29
Q

Memory T cells

A

Provide an immunologic memory of the antigen so that the body will be able to respond immediately to future invasion by the same antigen

30
Q

What are casts?

A

casts found in urine are formed in the renal tubules when proteins precipitate after accumulation

31
Q

Hyaline casts

A

Pale & transparent with parallel sides, found in renal disease or after strenuos exercise

32
Q

Waxy casts

A

Refractive, homogenous with flat ends and fractures along the edges. Seen in chronic renal failure

33
Q

Granular casts

A

Common, have fine or coarse granulation. Seen after strenuous exercise or renal disease

34
Q

Cellular casts

A

May contain: RBCs,WBCs and Renal tubular epithelial cells

35
Q

RBC casts

A 
Most commonly seen in pyelonephritis
	Excessive kidney damage
        Shock 
	Acute tubular necrosis
	Viral disease
        Exposure to drug or heavy metal toxicity
36
Q

Different odors of urine

A
  • Urine left standing for long periods of time will get an ammonia odor
  • Foul smell may indicate UTI
  • Fruity smell may indicate the presence of ketones in the urine in patient with diabetes
37
Q

What lymphocytes are most abundant?

A

T-cells (70-80%)

38
Q

Normal amount of glomerular filtrate

A

180 liters, approx 1% is excreted as urine

39
Q

Normal amount of urine

A

1.8 liters a day

40
Q

What can protein in the urine mean?

A 
Seen after strenuous exercise
Dehydration
Renal disease
Pregnancy
Infections
41
Q

IgM

A

responds to antigens, first one to work

42
Q

IgG

A

second to work, passed on from mother to baby

43
Q

IgD

A

phagocytic (PACMANS)

44
Q

IgE

A

aids in allergic reactions

45
Q

IgA

A

aids in allergic responses

46
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Macrophages
Neutrophils
Monocytes

47
Q

How is urine processed and modified?

A

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption
tubular secretion

48
Q

Erythroblastosis fetalis

A

aka Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn. Result of fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility involving the Rh system

Office Lab Procedures (3 decks)

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