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IMMUNOLOGY CHP 4: FAILURES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE > IMMUNODEFICIENCIES > Flashcards

IMMUNODEFICIENCIES Flashcards

1
Q

what is the example of immunodeficiency caused by infection?

A

AIDS caused by HIV

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2
Q

what is HIV?

A

a lentivirus that causes HIV infection and over time acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

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3
Q

what is the structure of HIV?

A
  1. roughly spherical
  2. diameter abt 120 nm
  3. composed of two copies of positive-sense single-stranded RNA
  4. a lipid viral envelope is present that composed of proteins.
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4
Q

what are the pathology of HIV infection?

A

it consist of three phases:

  1. acute phases
  2. asymptomatic phases
  3. symptomatic phases
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5
Q

explain acute phases.

A
  1. virus is produced in large quantities by infected lymphocyte
  2. This initial viremia (blood that contained virus) is greatly reduced - actions of Tcytotoxic (Tc) cells, which kill infected targets.
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6
Q

explain asymptomatic phases.

A
  • Begins 3-4 months after the initial infection
  • Memory T cells and dormant macrophages that contain HIV provirus serve as reservoirs for the
    infecton.
  • HIV is latent and does not make any new virions.
  • Population of CD4 T helper declines at a steady rate.
  • Also known as clinical latency (last for years)
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7
Q

explain symptomatic phases.

A
  • End stage of infection, the infected individual develops the clinical symptoms of AIDS.
  • Th and Tc cells count drops
  • When Th counts drop below 200 per microliter, the patients is said to have AIDS
  • Increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections
  • Cancers such as Kaposi’s sarcoma and B-cell lymphoma also develop in some patients
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8
Q

what is pathogenesis?

A

refers to the biological mechanisms that lead to the development of a disease. It describes how a disease starts, progresses, and causes damage in the body.

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9
Q

what is the pathogenesis of HIV?

A
  1. HIV can infect immune cells such as CD4+ T cells, macrophages, and microglial cells.
  2. HIV-1 entry to macrophages and CD4+ T cells is mediated through interaction of the virion envelope glycoproteins (gp120) with the CD4 mo;ecule on the target cells ‘ membrane
  3. also with chemokine co-receptors - CCR5
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10
Q

what is the multiplication steps in HIV

A
  1. Binding & Entry - HIV binds to CD4 receptors on T cells and fuses with the cell membrane.
  2. Reverse Transcription - The viral RNA is converted into DNA by reverse transcriptase.
  3. Integration - The viral DNA is inserted into the host genome using integrase.
  4. Replication - The host cell machinery produces viral proteins and RNA.
  5. Assembly - New viral particles are assembled inside the host cell.
  6. Budding - New HIV virions exit the host cell and mature, ready to infect more cells.
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11
Q

what is the effect of HIV infection?

A

HIV infection leads to a weakened immune system. This makes a person with HIV vulnerable to a group of illness, e.g., opportunistic infections, that would not as easily affect a healthy person.

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12
Q

how does HIV resulted in AIDS?

A

AIDS results when HIV infection progresses to an advanced stage, damaging the immune system to a point at which the body can no longer fight illness.

AIDS is a syndrome because it is characterized by a group of illnesses.

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13
Q

what are the drugs used to control HIV?

A

antiretrovirals. only prevent the virus from replicating and slow the progress of the disease

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14
Q

what are the symptoms of AIDS in acute phase?

A

Fever

Swollen lymph nodes

Sore throat

Rash

Muscle and joint pain

Headache

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15
Q

what are the symptoms of AIDS in asymptomatic phase?

A

No major symptoms, but slow depletion of CD4+ T cells occurs.

Symptomatic Phase (AIDS Stage)

Persistent fever

Chronic diarrhea

Rapid weight loss

Opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia)

Neurological disorders

Cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma, B-cell lymphoma)

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of AIDS in symptomatic phase?

A

Persistent fever

Chronic diarrhea

Rapid weight loss

Opportunistic infections (e.g., tuberculosis, pneumonia)

Neurological disorders

Cancers (Kaposi’s sarcoma, B-cell lymphoma)

17
Q

how does HIV get transmitted?

A

HIV Transmission

Sexual Transmission - Unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner.

Bloodborne Transmission - Sharing of needles, blood transfusions with infected blood.

Mother-to-Child Transmission - During childbirth or breastfeeding.

Occupational Exposure - Accidental needle sticks in healthcare settings.

18
Q

what is primary immunodeficiency diseases?

A
  • Result from genetic abnormalities present in the affected individual at
    birth
  • Characterized by an immune system that does not function properly
  • Can be caused by mutations in immune response genes
  • Inherited immunodeficiency diseases are caused by genetic defects and these diseases can affect both the development and function of T cells ad B cells. There can also be defects in phagocytic cells, complement, or cytokine receptors 🡪 will result in a lack of proper host defense.
19
Q

what is T cell defects in primary immunodeficiency diseases?

A
  • Defects in T-cell function can result in severe combined
    immunodeficiency syndrome (SCID)
  • There is no T-cell function and therefore no cellular adaptive immune
    response
20
Q

what is B cell defects in primary immunodeficiency diseases?

A
  • Defects in Ab production 🡪 can result in severe and repeated
    infection with bacteria
  • Defects in the development of B cells or to defects in the activation of
    the humoral response
21
Q

what are some common primary immunodeficiency syndromes?

A
  1. SCID
  2. DiGeorge Syndrome
  3. MHC Class II deficiency
  4. wiskott-Aldrich syndrome
  5. x-linked agammaglobulinemia
  6. phagocyte deficiencies
  7. complement deficiencies
  8. ataxia telangiectasia
22
Q

what is accessory cells defects in primary immunodeficiency diseases?

A
  • Defects in complement cascade 🡪 can lead to an increase in the
    occurance of infectious disease
  • Defects in phagocytic cells can cause widespread bacterial infections
23
Q

what are the type of defects in acessory cell and the associated infection?

A
  1. leukocyte adhesion deficiency - widespread pyogenic bacterial infections
  2. chronic granulomatous disease - intracellular and extracellular infections
  3. myeloperoxidase deficiency - defective intracellular killing of pathogens
  4. chediak-higashi syndrome - intracellular and extracellukar infection

IMMUNOLOGY CHP 4: FAILURES OF THE IMMUNE RESPONSE (3 decks)

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