Immunodeficency Flashcards
What kind of infections do you see in patients with an immunodeficiency of Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
Pneumococcus - pneumonia
HSV
What kind of infections do you see in patients with a defective phagocyte NADPH oxidase?
Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD)
- pneumonia
- abscesses of the skin, tissues, and organs
- osteomyelitis
NADPH oxidase is critical for phagocyte killing of bacteria through reactive oxygen species.
What kind of infections do you see in patients with Hypocomplementemia?
Meningococcus - meningitis
What kind of infections do you see in patients with X-linked agammaglobulinaemia?
Recurrent
Sino-pulmonary infections
due to B cell deficiency?
What kind of infections do you see in patients with IFN-γ/IL-12 pathway deficiencies
Mycobacterium - Tuberculosis, Salmonella
Deficiency of cytokine production prevents a co-ordinated response between the T cells and innate immune system.
What kind of infections do you see in patients with defects in T cells?
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID) syndromes
- Opportunistic infections
Loss of T cells prevents an appropriate B cell response
Why are defects in B cells usually diagnosed at around 1-2yrs and how are they treated?
Maternal IgG protects the baby until then
Usually leads to recurrent bacterial infection with pyogenic organisms.
Treat with antibiotics then IV IgG for life.
Adenosine Deaminase Deficiency Purine Nucleoside Phosphorylase Deficiency MHC Class II Deficiency Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome are all examples of what?
Primary T cell deficiencies
What does the transfer of specific, high-titre antibody from donor to recipient provide?
Passive immunity
What is the purpose of G-CSF/GM-CSF in immune stimulation?
Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
- Act on bone marrow to increase production of mature neutrophils
What is α-interferon mainly used to teat?
Hepatitis C
How do corticosteroids suppress the immune system?
Decreased neutrophil margination
Reduced production of inflammatory cytokines
Inhibition phospholipase A2 (reduced arachidonic acid metabolites production)
Lymphopenia
Decreased T cells proliferation
Reduced immunoglobulins production
what are the side effects of corticosteroids?
Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism - Diabetes, Hyperlipidaemia
Reduced protein synthesis - Poor wound healing
Osteoporosis
Glaucoma and cataracts
Psychiatric complications
What is Azathioprine (AZA) and what is it used for?
Immunosuppressant - Affects T and B cells by impairing DNA synthesis
- Guanine anti-metabolite
- also converted into 6-mercaptopurine which halts DNA synthesis
Used to prevent allograft rejection and treat autoimmune disease eg. SLE
What are Cyclosporin A (CyA) and Tacrolimus (FK506)?
Calcineurin inhibitors
CyA- Binds to intracellular protein cyclophilin
Tacrolimus (FK506)- Binds to intracellular protein FKBP-12
