Head, Neck and Eye disease

Question 1

How can Herpes Zoster damage the eye?

Answer 1

If the trigeminal nerve is involved

Question 2

What is Trachoma?

Answer 2

Chlamydia trachomatis infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids.

Pain in the eyes, breakdown of the outer surface or cornea of the eyes, and possibly blindness.

Question 3

What can cause cataracts?

Answer 3

Senile degeneration
Rubella
Down’s Syndrome
Irradiation
Diabetes Mellitus
Uveitis

Question 4

What parasitic infection can cause congenital bilateral blindness in a foetus?

Answer 4

Toxoplasmosis

Toxoplasma gondii - Cat is host and oocyst in faeces.

Question 5

What can the parasite Toxocara canis cause?

Answer 5

Toxocariasis

Toxocara canis from infected dog faeces,
larva may migrate to retina and die causing localised inflammation.

Question 6

What does hypertensive retinopathy look like through an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 6

Flame shaped haemorrhages and exudates

Question 7

What does diabetic retinopathy look like through an ophthalmoscope?

Answer 7

Dot and Blot haemorrhages and exudates

Question 8

What causes wet macular degeneration?

Answer 8

abnormal blood vessel growth in the choriocapillaris

Question 9

What causes dry macular degeneration?

Answer 9

atrophy of the retinal pigment epithelial layer, leading to loss of cone and rod cells

Question 10

The loss of the RB gene on the q (long) arm on chromosome 13 causes what disease?

Answer 10

Retinoblastoma

Question 11

In what layer of the eye do melanoma’s arise?

Answer 11

Melanocytes in the Uveal tract

Uvea: Middle layer, consists of Iris, ciliary body or choroid

Question 12

What are the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma?

Answer 12

Tobacco use and Alcohol abuse

Human papilloma virus
HPV 16 and HPV 18

Meat and red chilli powder

Question 13

What foods are protective against oral neoplasia and why?

Answer 13

Fruits and vegetables high in vitamins A and C

related to inherent anti-oxidant properties

Question 14

What are the main risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx?

Answer 14

Tobacco and Alcohol

HPV 6 and HPV 11

Exposure to paint, diesel and gasoline fumes, asbestos, radiation

Question 15

What autoimmune disease presents with itchy, purple, papules forming plaques with Wickham’s striae?

Answer 15

Lichen planus

6 Ps: planar (flat-topped), purple, polygonal, pruritic, papules, and plaques

purple-coloured, flat-topped papules with interspersed lacy white lines = Wickham’s striae.

Question 16

who is predominantly affected by vocal cord nodules and polyps?

Answer 16

Vocal cord nodules and polyps are reactive lesions

Males, Heavy smokers and Singers

Question 17

What can recurrent attacks of rhinitis eventually lead to ?

Answer 17

Nasal polyps

Question 18

What can cause maxillary sinusitis?

Answer 18

extension of a periapical infection from an upper tooth through the antral floor

Question 19

Which sinuses are most likely to have obstruction?

Answer 19

the frontal and anterior ethmoid sinuses

Question 20

Acute otitis media resulting from a bacterial infection is usually caused by what?

Answer 20

Streptococcus pneumoniae, H. influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 21

What are the usual causative agents in chronic otitis media?

Answer 21

Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus or fungal

Question 22

What are Cholesteatoma and what is it associated with?

Answer 22

Cystic lesions lined by keratinising squamous epithelium and filled with debris and cholesterol clefts

Associated with chronic otitis media

Question 23

What is otosclerosis?

Answer 23

Abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear

Usually bilateral
Usually begins in early decades of life, most cases are familial

Question 24

What is the pathogenesis of otosclerosis?

Answer 24

Uncoupling of normal bone resorption and bone formation

Initially fibrous ankylosis.
bony overgrowth,
anchorage of middle ear bones to oval window

Question 25

what Inflammatory disorder of the inner ear produces disturbances of balance and hearing?

Answer 25

Labyrinthitis

can be caused by viruses, bacteria or autoimmune processes

Question 26

What are basal cell and squamous cell carcinomas of the pinna associated with?

Answer 26

tend to occur in elderly men and are associated with actinic radiation

Question 27

What is the most common cancer of the ear canal?

Answer 27

Squamous cell carcinoma in middle-aged to elderly women, not associated with sun exposure

Question 28

What is the most common tumour of the middle ear?

Answer 28

Paragangliomas

originating in the paraganglia