Immuno Test 1 part 1 up to page 36 Flashcards
The word immunity means what?
Means “exempt” from charges. For nearly a Century it has meant resistance to possible attack by an infectious agent. Resistance to certain diseases have been observed even in ancient times
What did the Chinese do in the eleventh century?
Introduced small pox to infants to protect them later in life, the technique is known as variolation
Who performed the first effective immunization? Explain?
Edward Jenner, an English physician in 1798. He observed milk maids infected with cow pox were resistance to small pox.
What is formol used for?
Used for the detoxification of toxins and venoms. Serpa Pinto reported this from his travels though central Africa.
What term replaced variolation?
Vaccination
How did Louis Pasteur influence immunology?
He investigated the possibility of protection against infection by vaccinations with attenuated strains of microorganisms 1st observation was Pasturella aviseptica (chicken cholera) Pasteur concluded that this culture contained attenuated microbes and he extended the term vaccination to mean conferring immunity by injection.
Using attenuated strains of microorganisms as a vaccine was confirmed by ____________ when he applied it to anthrax. How were these strains rendered avirulent?
Pasteur He rendered the organism avirulent by growing them at an unusually high temperature.
How did Elie Metchnikoff study the role of motile cells of a transparent starfish larva?
He introduced a rose thorn into the larva and noticed a few hours later the thorn was surrounded by motile cells.
How did the rabies vaccine come to be?
Pasteur allowed spinal cords taken from rabies infected rabbits to dry, and then used the dry cords as his vaccine material, since the drying process rendered the rabies virus avirulent.
What did Metchnikoff prove?
That Leukocytes will engulf microorganisms. He called this phagocytosis Phagocytosis was greatly enhanced in animals recovering from an infection or after a vaccine against those particular microorganisms
What are the 2 circulating types of cells shown by Metchnikoff to be capable of phagocytosis? What are these cells termed??
Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes (neutrophils) and the macrophages as well as certain fixed cells capable of phagocytosis The cells are termed phagocytes.
What did Wright and Douglas do?
They used washed cells to prove the immune a system used an active enzyme known as opsonin. They proposed a term opsonization.
What did Wright and Douglas do?
They used washed cells to prove the immune a system used an active enzyme known as opsonin. They proposed a term opsonization. (resolution for the humoral and cellular theories)
What is an Antigen?
Any substance capable of inducing a reaction against itself.
Lymphocyte is responsible for both ______ and ________.
Cellular and humoral immunity
What is in Antibody?
Factor present in the serum possessing this activity (inducing a reaction against itself)
What is the instructional theory?
1930-1940 suggest a particular antigen would serve as a template around which antibody would fold. The antibody molecule would therefore assume a configuration complementary to that of the antigen template This theory was discredited as knowledge of DNA RNA and proteins were accumulated.
What is the Selective theory?
In 1900 Paul Ehhrlich proposed that cells expressed a variety of “side-chain” receptors that could react with infectious agents. This binding resulted from a complementary lock and key type interaction. (he further suggested that binding of an infectious agent to the side chain receptor released the side chain and inured production and release of more side-chain receptors from the cell with the same specificity – antigen selected the appropriate side chain and side chain specificity was determined prior to antigen exposure)
Where did the Clonal selection theory come from?
in 1950 the selection theory was refined into the clonal selection theory by Sir F. Macfarlane Burnet.
What did Sir F. Macfarlane do?
Refined the selection theory to the Clonal Selection theory. he proposed that individual lymphocytes express membrane receptors that are specific for particular antigens. The receptor specificity is determined prior to antigen exposure.
Binding of antigen to a specific receptor activates the cell, resulting in?
its proliferation into a clone of cells, each with the same immunologic specificity as the original parent cell.
What is now accepted as the underlying paradigm of modern immunology?
The Clonal Selection Theory.
What is the Immune system in host defense described as?
A criminal invades a town, threatening its safety; but before he can do any damage, he is surrounded by police and then hauled off and confined in the local jail.
What are the 2 types of immunity?
Innate Immunity (natural, Native, or Nonspecific immunity) Adaptive immunity ( Acquired or Specific immunity)



















