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Spring Semester 2014 > Immuno Review > Flashcards

Immuno Review Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobe

A

Metabolize oxygen, grow only if oxygen is present

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2
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Metabolize oxygen, grow only in low oxygen environments

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3
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Metabolize oxygen in presence of oxygen, ferment in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

Aerotolerant

A

Do not metabolize oxygen, but ferment in the presence or absence of oxygen

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5
Q

Anaerobes

A

Don’t metabolize oxygen or grow in the presence of it

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6
Q

What does a positive oxidase test indicate?

A

Presence of an aerobe vs. facultative anaerobe. Cytochrome C causes the color change

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7
Q

Nitrate reductase test

A

Differentiates between bacteria based on their ability or inability to reduce nitrate to nitrite using anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

Mixed acid fermentation

A

Under acid conditions bacteria with hydrogenase can convert formate to CO2 and H2 (E. coli and some salmonella - not typhi)

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9
Q

Mannitol salt media selects for which type of bacteria?

A

Gram +

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10
Q

What type of bacteria are capable of forming spores?

A

Gram + rods

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11
Q

What bacteria is primarily responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

A

C. difficile

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12
Q

What is the most common way for G- bacteria to develop β-lactam resistance?

A

β-lactamase - cleave drug

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13
Q

What is the most common way for G+ bacteria to develop β-lactam resistance?

A

Alternative PBP target

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics?

A

Bind/inactivate PBPs (transpeptidases) - prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking

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15
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide antibiotic - binds D-Ala D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursor

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of Vancomycin resistance?

A

Produce a D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan structure - from a plasmid/transposon

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17
Q

Cycloserine

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking by competitively inhibiting D-Ala - 2nd line TB drug

18
Q

Bacitracin

A

Binds pyrophosphate on lipid carrier for PTG precursor - blocks its recycling - no PTG synthesis

19
Q

What bacteria is sensitive to bacitracin

A

Group A strep - too toxic for systemic use

20
Q

What are the 2 cell envelope antibiotics for this class?

A

Daptomycin and polymyxins

21
Q

Daptomycin

A

Binds/disrupts cytoplasmic membrane -> rapid depol. Effective against G+

22
Q

Polymyxin

A

Bind to LPS in outer membrane of G-, disrupts outer and cytoplasmic membrane

23
Q

Tetracycline

A

Binds 30s ribosomal subunit - tooth discoloration in children

24
Q

What is the mechanism of Tetracycline resistance?

A
  1. Tetracycline efflux pump (most common)

2. Ribosomal mutations

25
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Binds 30s ribosomal subunit - cause misreading - useful for G- (P. aeruginosa) - ototoxic & nephrotoxic

26
Q

What is the method of resistance to aminoglycosides?

A

Enzymatic modification of drug (plasmid)

27
Q

Macrolids

A

Binds 50 ribosomal subunit - blocks elongation of proteins (G+) Useful for β-lactam allergies

28
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to macrolids?

A
  1. Methylation of rRNA (target modification)

2. Efflux pumps

29
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Binds 50s subunit to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity, blocking elongation step (aplastic anemia)

30
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol?

A

Modification of drug

31
Q

Clindamycin

A

Binds 50s to block elongation -useful for CA-MRSA & toxin producing s. aureus

32
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to clindamycin?

A

Methylation of rRNA - cross resistance w/ macrolids

33
Q

Linezolid

A

Binds unique site on 50s to prevent formation of 70s complex (G+) S. aureaus, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae

34
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to Linezolid?

A

Point mutation in ribosome to prevent binding

35
Q

What is a first generation DNA Replication Inhibitor?

A
  1. Quinolones - Nalidixic Acid

2. Bind bacterial DNA gyrase

36
Q

What are two 2nd generation DNA replication inhibitors?

A
  1. Fluoroquinolones: Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin

2. 2. Bind bacterial DNA gyrase

37
Q

What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones? (2)

A
  1. Point mutations in bacterial DNA gyrase

2. Efflux pump

38
Q

Metronidazole

A

Free radical produced in an anaerobic environment - toxic metabolites that damage DNA - C. difficile

39
Q

What are two RNA synthesis inhibitors?

A
  1. Rifampin

2. Fidaxomicin

40
Q

What is the mechanism of Rifampin and resistance to it?

A
  1. Binds β subunit of RNA Pol

2. Mutations in β subunit

41
Q

What is the mechanism of fidaxomicin?

A
  1. Noncompetitive inhibitor of RNA syn by binding RNA pol
42
Q

What are two inhibitors of folate synthesis?

A

Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Spring Semester 2014 (6 decks)

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