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Spring Semester 2014 > Immuno Review > Flashcards

Immuno Review Flashcards

1
Q

Aerobe

A

Metabolize oxygen, grow only if oxygen is present

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2
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Metabolize oxygen, grow only in low oxygen environments

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3
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Metabolize oxygen in presence of oxygen, ferment in the absence of oxygen

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4
Q

Aerotolerant

A

Do not metabolize oxygen, but ferment in the presence or absence of oxygen

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5
Q

Anaerobes

A

Don’t metabolize oxygen or grow in the presence of it

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6
Q

What does a positive oxidase test indicate?

A

Presence of an aerobe vs. facultative anaerobe. Cytochrome C causes the color change

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7
Q

Nitrate reductase test

A

Differentiates between bacteria based on their ability or inability to reduce nitrate to nitrite using anaerobic respiration

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8
Q

Mixed acid fermentation

A

Under acid conditions bacteria with hydrogenase can convert formate to CO2 and H2 (E. coli and some salmonella - not typhi)

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9
Q

Mannitol salt media selects for which type of bacteria?

A

Gram +

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10
Q

What type of bacteria are capable of forming spores?

A

Gram + rods

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11
Q

What bacteria is primarily responsible for antibiotic-associated diarrhea?

A

C. difficile

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12
Q

What is the most common way for G- bacteria to develop β-lactam resistance?

A

β-lactamase - cleave drug

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13
Q

What is the most common way for G+ bacteria to develop β-lactam resistance?

A

Alternative PBP target

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14
Q

What is the mechanism of β-lactam antibiotics?

A

Bind/inactivate PBPs (transpeptidases) - prevent peptidoglycan cross-linking

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15
Q

Vancomycin

A

Glycopeptide antibiotic - binds D-Ala D-Ala in peptidoglycan precursor

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16
Q

What is the mechanism of Vancomycin resistance?

A

Produce a D-Ala-D-Lac peptidoglycan structure - from a plasmid/transposon

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17
Q

Cycloserine

A

Inhibits peptidoglycan cross-linking by competitively inhibiting D-Ala - 2nd line TB drug

18
Q

Bacitracin

A

Binds pyrophosphate on lipid carrier for PTG precursor - blocks its recycling - no PTG synthesis

19
Q

What bacteria is sensitive to bacitracin

A

Group A strep - too toxic for systemic use

20
Q

What are the 2 cell envelope antibiotics for this class?

A

Daptomycin and polymyxins

21
Q

Daptomycin

A

Binds/disrupts cytoplasmic membrane -> rapid depol. Effective against G+

22
Q

Polymyxin

A

Bind to LPS in outer membrane of G-, disrupts outer and cytoplasmic membrane

23
Q

Tetracycline

A

Binds 30s ribosomal subunit - tooth discoloration in children

24
Q

What is the mechanism of Tetracycline resistance?

A
  1. Tetracycline efflux pump (most common)

2. Ribosomal mutations

25
Aminoglycosides
Binds 30s ribosomal subunit - cause misreading - useful for G- (P. aeruginosa) - ototoxic & nephrotoxic
26
What is the method of resistance to aminoglycosides?
Enzymatic modification of drug (plasmid)
27
Macrolids
Binds 50 ribosomal subunit - blocks elongation of proteins (G+) Useful for β-lactam allergies
28
What is the mechanism of resistance to macrolids?
1. Methylation of rRNA (target modification) | 2. Efflux pumps
29
Chloramphenicol
Binds 50s subunit to inhibit peptidyl transferase activity, blocking elongation step (aplastic anemia)
30
What is the mechanism of resistance to chloramphenicol?
Modification of drug
31
Clindamycin
Binds 50s to block elongation -useful for CA-MRSA & toxin producing s. aureus
32
What is the mechanism of resistance to clindamycin?
Methylation of rRNA - cross resistance w/ macrolids
33
Linezolid
Binds unique site on 50s to prevent formation of 70s complex (G+) S. aureaus, S. pyogenes, S. agalactiae
34
What is the mechanism of resistance to Linezolid?
Point mutation in ribosome to prevent binding
35
What is a first generation DNA Replication Inhibitor?
1. Quinolones - Nalidixic Acid | 2. Bind bacterial DNA gyrase
36
What are two 2nd generation DNA replication inhibitors?
1. Fluoroquinolones: Norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin | 2. 2. Bind bacterial DNA gyrase
37
What is the mechanism of resistance to quinolones and fluoroquinolones? (2)
1. Point mutations in bacterial DNA gyrase | 2. Efflux pump
38
Metronidazole
Free radical produced in an anaerobic environment - toxic metabolites that damage DNA - C. difficile
39
What are two RNA synthesis inhibitors?
1. Rifampin | 2. Fidaxomicin
40
What is the mechanism of Rifampin and resistance to it?
1. Binds β subunit of RNA Pol | 2. Mutations in β subunit
41
What is the mechanism of fidaxomicin?
1. Noncompetitive inhibitor of RNA syn by binding RNA pol
42
What are two inhibitors of folate synthesis?
Sulfonamides and trimethoprim

Spring Semester 2014 (6 decks)

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