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Immuno > Immuno exam 1 - Bailey Cytokines > Flashcards

Immuno exam 1 - Bailey Cytokines Flashcards

1
Q
  1. What are cytokines?
A
  • Proteins secreted by cells that mediate functions of immune system
  • Mode of communication
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2
Q
  1. Which cells can produce cytokines?
A

• Any of innate & adaptive immune system, lymphocytes, macrophages, endo/epithelium

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3
Q
  1. What is a chemokine?
A
  • Chemotactic cytokines

* Role: regulate migration of cells to peripheral tissues or to lymph nodes

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4
Q
  1. What are the 6 general properties of cytokines?
A
  • Cytokine secretion is brief and self-limited
  • Cytokine action is pleitropic and redundant
  • Cytokines influence each other
  • Cytokines can act locally and systemically
  • Cytokines initiate their actions by binding to specific membrane-bound receptors.
  • Cytokine receptor ligation leads to gene expression which alters cellular function.
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5
Q
  1. Which cytokines have a more predominant activity in the innate immune system?
A

Il-12, TNF, IL-1, chemokines

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6
Q

Which cytokines are more predominant in adaptive immunity?

A

IL-2, IL-4

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7
Q

Which cytokines are equally important in the adaptive and innate immune system?

A

INF-gamma

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8
Q
  1. Which cytokines are considered proinflammatory? Which ones are considered anti-inflammatory?
A
  • Proinflammatory: TFN-alpha, IL-1 alpha and beta, IL-6, IL-12, IFN
  • Anti-inflammatory: IL-10, TGF-Beta
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9
Q

Who produces TNF-alpha?

A
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • NK cells
  • some DC cells
  • T cells =primary source
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10
Q

What cells respond to TNF-alpha?

A 
Stimulate recruitment to site of infection:  
-neutrophils
-monocytes
-macrophages 
-activated T cells 
Acute inflammatory response to Gm –
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11
Q

Who produces IL-1?

A
  • monocytes/macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • neutrophils
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12
Q

What cells respond to IL-1?

A

Activate immune cells (like TNF-alpha)
-inc expression of selectins/integrins on endothelial cells
no systemic effects

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13
Q

Who produces IL-6?

A
  • macrophages

- T cells

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14
Q

What cells respond to IL-6

A

Induction of inflammatory response (sim effects as above)
Primarily: induction of acute phase response neutrophils
-monocytes
-macrophages
-activated T cells

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15
Q
  1. Which cytokine is a major contributor to septic shock?
A

TNF-alpha

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16
Q
  1. What cytokine induces the feeling of being sick?
A

• Il-1 and Il-6

17
Q
  1. Which cytokine induces the formation of Th1 cells? Which cytokine is typically increased during a Th1 response?
A
  • IL-12 →CD4+ →TH 1 →IFN gamma →macrophage activated →kill phagocytosed microbes
  • TH1: IFN gamma, IL-2
  • Activate macrophages!!
18
Q
  1. Why is IFN-γ such an important cytokine?
A
  • It activates macrophages to kill intracellular pathogens, increase antigen presentation
  • Produced by: NK, T-helper cells, Ctyotoxic T cells
19
Q
  1. Which cytokines are involved with Th2 type immunity?
A

• TH2: IL-4, Il-5, IL-13, (IL-2)

20
Q
  1. What’s the primary job of IL-2? Which cells produce it? Which cells respond to it?
A
  • Job: needed for growth, survival, and differentiation of T helper and T cytotoxic cells
  • Also, clonal expansion is Il-2 dependent
  • Produced by: T helper cells (CD4+)
21
Q
  1. What is meant by Th1 and Th2 type immunity? Which one is active against intracellular pathogens? Which one is active against extracellular pathogens?
A

T helper type 1 – most effective against intracellular pathogen; produce cytokines
Involves macrophages & cytotoxic T cells and IFN-γ & IL-2
T helper type 2 – Most effective against extracellular pathogen (can’t live within cell)
Involves antibodies produced by B cells, mast cells and eosinophils; IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, IL-2

22
Q

IL-4

A

Produced by Th2 cells

  • Induce naïve Th cells to differentiate into TH2 cells to prod more cytokines
  • class switch to IgE
23
Q

IL-13

A

Produced by Th2 cells-similar to IL-4

  • induce IgE isotype switching
  • stimulate mucous production ingut and lung
  • facilitate inflammation by increasing adhesion molecule and chemokine expression
24
Q

IL-5

A

Produced by Th2 cells-eosinophil differentiation, proliferation, and activation
-eosinophils are necessary for protection against parasites

25
Q
  1. How does IL-10 reduce immune activity?
A
  • IL-10 inhibits production of IL-12→ IFN gamma →inflammatory cytokines
  • Produced by macrophages, dendritic cells, T helper cells
26
Q
  1. What is meant by a CXC, CC, C, or CX3C chemokine?
A

• Classes based off number and location of N-terminus of cysteine residues

27
Q
  1. What type of chemokine receptor does each of the above types of chemokine bind to?
A
  • Same of their name

* Receptors = promiscuous

28
Q
  1. What do chemokines do and how do they do it?
A
  • Expressed on surface of blood and endothelial cells→bind to receptors and increase affinity of integrin and selectins (to slow down and keep immune cells on endothelial cells)
  • Help immune cell find site of infection by creating a gradient and pulling immune cell towards it through actin rearrangement
29
Q
  1. Which cytokines bind to Type I cytokine receptors?
A

• IL-2, 4, 5, 6, 12, 13

30
Q
  1. Which cytokines bind to Type II cytokine receptors?
A

• IFN-gamma, IL-10

31
Q
  1. Which cytokines bind to TNF receptors?
A

• TNF-alpha

32
Q
  1. Which cytokines bind to IL-1 receptor family?
A

• IL-1

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