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Immunosero Lab > Immunizing Agents > Flashcards

Immunizing Agents Flashcards

1
Q

The body’s ability to resist harmful microorganisms is called

A

Immunity

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2
Q

The two main types of immunity are ____ and ____.

A

Innate (Natural) and Adaptive (Acquired)

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3
Q

Immunity that is present at birth and provides a non-specific defense is called ____.

A

Innate Immunity

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4
Q

Immunity that develops after exposure to a pathogen or through vaccination is called ____.

A

Adaptive Immunity

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5
Q

The two types of adaptive immunity are ____ and ____

A

Active and Passive Immunity

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6
Q

immunity that involves the body producing its own antibodies after infection or vaccination is called ____

A

Active Immunity

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7
Q

The immunity that is transferred through antibodies from another source, such as from mother to child or through injection, is called ____

A

Passive Immunity

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8
Q

____ immunity provides long-term protection, while ____ immunity is temporary.

A

Active; Passive

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9
Q

An example of natural active immunity is ____.

A

Immunity developed after recovering from an infection

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10
Q

An example of natural passive immunity is ____.

A

Antibodies passed from mother to baby through breast milk or placenta

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11
Q

An example of artificial active immunity is ____.

A

Vaccination

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12
Q

An example of artificial passive immunity is ____

A

Injection of immunoglobulins or antiserum

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13
Q

The immune cells responsible for innate immunity include ____, ____, and ____.

A

Macrophages, Natural Killer (NK) Cells, Neutrophils

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14
Q

The immune cells responsible for adaptive immunity include ____ and ____.

A

B cells and T cells

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15
Q

The immune system component responsible for producing antibodies is ____.

A

B cells

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16
Q

The immune system component responsible for cell-mediated immunity is ____

A

T cells

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17
Q

The lifespan of memory cells that provide long-term immunity can last for ____.

A

Years

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18
Q

The half-life of IgG antibodies in the body is approximately ____.

A

23 days

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19
Q

The purpose of immunizing agents is to ___

A

-prevent infectious diseases,
-reduce morbidity and mortality,
-contribute to herd immunity

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20
Q

Examples of active immunization include vaccines:____, ____, and ____

A

Live attenuated vaccines, inactivated vaccines, mRNA vaccines

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21
Q

What is passive immunization?

A

Transfer of preformed antibodies for short-term protection (e.g., maternal antibodies, immunoglobulin therapy).

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22
Q

What are the three main types of immunizing agents?

A

Vaccines, Immunoglobulins, Antisera.

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23
Q

What is a vaccine?

A

suspension of live attenuated or killed microorganisms that stimulate the immune system to prevent disease.

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24
Q

. What is the main advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs)?

A

They provide strong, long-lasting immunity.

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25
Q

. What is the main advantage of live attenuated vaccines (LAVs)?

A

They provide strong, long-lasting immunity.

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26
Q

What is the main disadvantage of live attenuated vaccines?

A

They are not suitable for immunocompromised individuals.

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27
Q

What is an example of a live attenuated vaccine?

A

Measles, Mumps, Rubella (MMR), Oral Polio (OPV), Varicella

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28
Q

What is an inactivated (killed) vaccine?

A

A vaccine containing killed pathogens to stimulate immunity without causing infection.

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29
Q

What is an example of an inactivated vaccine?

A

Inactivated Polio Vaccine (IPV), Hepatitis A

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30
Q

What are subunit, recombinant, and conjugate vaccines?

A

Vaccines that use antigenic parts of pathogens to stimulate an immune response

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31
Q

What is an example of a subunit vaccine?

A

Hepatitis B, HPV, Pneumococcal, Meningococcal.

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32
Q

What are toxoid vaccines?

A

Vaccines made from inactivated bacterial toxins.

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33
Q

What is an example of a toxoid vaccine?

A

Tetanus, Diphtheria.

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34
Q

What are mRNA and vector-based vaccines?

A

Vaccines that use genetic material to instruct cells to produce antigens

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35
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

Protection of unvaccinated individuals when a large portion of the population is immune.

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36
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold for measles?

A

95%.

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37
Q

What is the herd immunity threshold for COVID-19?

A

60-70%.

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38
Q

Why do some vaccines require boosters?

A

To reinforce immunity as antibody levels decline over time.

39
Q

Give an example of a vaccine that requires annual boosters

A

Influenza vaccine

40
Q

What factors influence an individual’s response to vaccines?

A

Immune System Differences
Pre-existing immunity
Vaccine Type and Effectiveness
Lifestyle and Environmental Factors
Individual Variation in Antibody Production

41
Q

Why do healthcare workers often need more vaccine boosters?

A

Due to frequent exposure to infectious diseases.

42
Q

What is an example of mRNA & Vector-Based Vaccines

A

Pfizer & Moderna (mRNA), AstraZeneca & J&J (Viral Vector)

43
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of Inactivated (Killed) Vaccines

A

Advantages: safer, no risk of reversion
Disadvantages: requires booster doses

44
Q

Advantage and disadvantage of Subunit, Recombinant, and Conjugate Vaccines

A

Advantages: fewer side effects
Disadvantages: may require boosters

45
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of Toxoid Vaccines

A

Advantages: strong immune response
Disadvantages: require multiple doses

46
Q

Advantage and disadvantages of mRNA & Vector-Based Vaccines

A

Advantages: fast development, high efficacy
Disadvantages: cold storage requirements, new technology

47
Q

Clinical significance of herd immunity

A

protects vulnerable groups

48
Q

tetanus needs booster every ___

49
Q

Recommended for high-risk individuals after initial series.

A

Hepatitis B

50
Q

Additional dose recommended for international travelers or during outbreaks.

A

MMR (Measles, Mumps, Rubella)

51
Q

: Booster dose recommended for healthcare workers and high risk adults.

A

Varicella (Chickenpox)

52
Q

Booster doses recommended depending on age of initial vaccination.

A

HPV (Human Papillomavirus)

53
Q

Booster doses recommended periodically based on emerging variants and immunity duration.

54
Q

Booster doses for elderly and immunocompromised individuals.

A

Pneumococcal (PCV13 & PPSV23)

55
Q

Annual booster due to virus mutation.

56
Q

Used for immunodeficient individuals, passive protection against measles, Hep A.

A

Immunoglobulins

57
Q

Immunoglobulins contain ____ protein from blood plasma.

A

15-17% protein

58
Q

Contain live attenuated or killed microorganisms.

59
Q

• Blood serum with monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies.
• Provides passive immunity against diseases.

60
Q

Example of Immunoglobulin Immunizing Agents

A

IV Immunoglobulin (IVIG).

61
Q

example of Antisera Immunizing Agents

A

Rabies Antiserum.

62
Q

Which vaccine type requires multiple doses?

A

Killed vaccines require multiple doses, while live vaccines often need only one.

63
Q

Which provides longer immunity: live or killed vaccines?

A

Live vaccines provide longer immunity.

64
Q

What immunoglobulins do killed and live vaccines produce?

A

Killed vaccines: IgG
Live vaccines: IgA & IgG

65
Q

Which vaccine type induces stronger cell-mediated immunity?

A

Live vaccines.

66
Q

Which vaccine type has a risk of reversion to virulence?

A

Live vaccines may revert to virulence, while killed vaccines do not

67
Q

Which vaccine type is more stable at room temperature?

A

Killed vaccines

68
Q

2 sources of PASSIVE IMMUNIZATION & IMMUNOGLOBULIN THERAPY

A

-Maternal antibodies (placenta, breast milk)
-Monoclonal & polyclonal antibody treatments

69
Q

Give two examples of passive immunization.

A
  1. Rabies immunoglobulin (post-exposure prophylaxis)
  2. Hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG)
70
Q

Uses of passive immunization

A

emergency protection, immunodeficient patients

71
Q

Common Mild Reactions of passive vaccine

A

fever, swelling, redness

72
Q

Severe but rare reactions of passive vaccine

A

Anaphylaxis, Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

73
Q

severe allergic reaction (passive vaccine) that happens quickly and needs immediate medical treatment

A

Anaphylaxis

74
Q

rare condition where the immune system attacks the nerves, causing weakness or paralysis, but most people recover

A

Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS)

75
Q

Who should NOT receive passive vaccines

A
  1. Severe allergic reactions to vaccine components
  2. Pregnancy (for live vaccines)
  3. Immunocompromised
76
Q

What are key safety requirements for vaccines?

A

Must not cause disease (safety)
Provide population-level protection
Induce long-lasting immunity
Be affordable and easy to administer (cost & administration)

77
Q

What are antisera and antitoxins?

A

Immunoglobulins from immunized humans or animals, providing short-term immunity.

78
Q

What are antisera and antitoxins?

A

Immunoglobulins from immunized humans or animals, providing short-term immunity.

79
Q

Name three examples of antisera or antitoxins

A
  1. Snake venom antiserum
  2. Anti-tetanus immunoglobulin
  3. Rabies vaccine
80
Q

What are the key features of IgG?

A

• Most abundant antibody in serum (75%)
• Crosses placenta for fetal immunity
• Activates complement (except IgG4)

81
Q

Now many subclasses does IgG have

A

4 subclasses

82
Q

IgG composes ___ of total antibody concentration

83
Q

What are the key features of IgM?

A

•Largest antibody (pentamer)
• First antibody produced in an infection (acute phase)
• Best complement activator

84
Q

IgM composes ___ of total antibody concentration

85
Q

What are the key features of IgA?

A

• Found in body secretions (tears, saliva, mucosa)
• Protects mucosal surfaces
• Exists as monomer (serum) or dimer (secretory IgA)

86
Q

What is the function of IgD?

A

Unknown, but present on B cell surfaces.
largest antibody (pentamer)

87
Q

What are the key features of IgE?

A

• Involved in allergic reactions (Type I hypersensitivity)
• Triggers histamine release from mast cells

88
Q

How many subclasses does igA have

A

2 subclasses

89
Q

Fixes complement best (multiple binding sites)

90
Q

Prominent in early immune response (indicates acute infection)

91
Q

Primary defense against local infections at mucosal surface

92
Q

Infections where the source of antiserum is a horse

A

Tetanus
Diptheria
Gas gangrene
Botulism
Snakebite

93
Q

Infections where the source of antiserum is immune human

A

Tetanus
Varicella-Zoster
Rabies
Hepatitis B
Measles

94
Q

Infections where the source of antiserum is pooled human ig

A

Hepatitis A, Some autoimmune disease

Immunosero Lab (4 decks)

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