Immunity1-3 Inflammation Flashcards
(LO) What are the body’s line of defenses (3) and what do they entail? Determine whether they are innate or adaptive in nature.
*Phagocytes and complement can play both an adaptive role and an innate role.
1st line: non-specific, barriers: (innate)
-skin, mucous, HCl (all secretions are antimicrobial)
2nd line: non-specific, cellular: (innate)
-(phagocytosis, inflammation, complement, fever)
3rd line: specific immunity (adaptive)
-(antibodies, B-cells, T-cells. Directed by cytokines: messengers involved in cell-to-cell signaling.)
(LO) Activated macrophages produce pro inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-8, TNFa, and IL-6;
describe local and systemic effects of TNFa
LOCAL: activates vascular endothelium and increases vascular permeability, which increases entry of IgG, complement, and cells.
SYSTEMIC: Fever, mobilization of metabolites of shock.
(LO) Identify the five steps of inflammation:
1. \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_: Macrophages and neutrophils engulf debris and foreign matter. 2. 3. 4. 5.
- Initial phagocytosis
- Capillaries dilate and become more permeable (leak): via histamine released from mast cells.
- Foreign matter contained
- More leukocytes migrate to area: more macrophages and neutrophils.
- Leukocytes clear infection
(LO) Identify the four hallmarks of inflammation:
- _____: Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakage
- _____: Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakage
- _____: Histamine causes vasodilation and capillary leakage
- ____: Neural receptors stimulated by kinins
- Redness (rubor)
- Heat (calor)
- Swelling (tumor)
- Pain (dolor)
(LO) List the four characteristics of adaptive immunity, and explain the dual innate and adaptive immune roles of macrophages.
- Specificity* (lock and key)
- Inducible and diverse
- Memory*
- Self-tolerant (should recognize self)
Macrophages dual roles:
- Engulf and digest bacteria (non-specific response/innate)
- Present membrane with foreign antigens (trigger immune/adaptive response)
(LO) Identify the key cell targeted by HIV, and explain why targeting of this cell is detrimental to the immune system.
T-helper (CD-4) cells
Takes out immune system’s traffic cop (a central immune response).
(LO) Recognize which class of antibodies:
1) freely cross the placenta
2) is associated with allergies
3) is found in breast milk
4) predominates in the primary immune response
5) predominates in the secondary immune response
1) IgG. Fc-Gamma receptor
2) IgE
3) IgA
4) IgM. Least specific (massive snowflake)
5) IgG. VERY specific (very small)
Active vs Passive immunity:
Which type is when the subject receives exogenous antibodies does not confer long-term immunity? Naturally occurs between mother-child (IgG-placenta)(IgA-breast milk). Artificially by immunization w/antibodies.
Which type happens when the subject actively produces their own antibodies and requires exposure to infectious agent (antigen). Occurs naturally by infection and artificially by immunization w/altered agent or it’s antigens.
Passive immunity
Active immunity
(LO) Identify the four types of hypersensitivity reactions (ACID..1,2,3,4), recognizing the basic triggering mech, the expected lag time between exposure and manifestation of symptoms, and key examples.
1) ______/immediate: a secondary rxn: hives, hay fever, asthma. anaphylaxis. Onset: seconds/minutes if Ig_ is pre-formed. Mech: Allergen cross-links mast cell-bound Ig_, which triggers degranulation.
2) ____-bound/cytotoxic. Transfusion rxn, Graves disease, graft rejection. Onset: seconds/minutes if specific Ig_ is pre-formed. Mech: Complement-activating antibodies (Ig_/Ig_), trigger lysis.
3) ______ complex. Serum sickness, Farmer’s lung, vasculitis. Onset: 2-__hrs or around 6 hours. Mech: Circulating immune complexes that contain complement-fixing antibodies (Ig_)
4) ______. T1 diabetes, MS, tuberculin skin test. Onset: _____. Mech: sensitized lymphocytes (T_1)
1) Allergy, IgE
2) Cell, IgG, IgG/IgM
3) Immune, 2-8 hrs, IgG
4) Delayed, 24-72hrs DAYS. T-h1
Activated macrophages produce __-6 which act on hepatocytes to induce synthesis of acute-phase proteins.
What can we use to detect inflammation, binds to bacterial surface, opsonizes bacteria and activates complement?
What can we also use when we order an ESR for a patient’s inflammation? (Erythrocytes sedimentation rate)
IL-6
C-reactive protein CRP
Fibrinogen
What type of white blood cell is elevated in blood of a person experiencing allergies, or infected with a parasitic worm?
Macrophages
What type of hypersensitivity reaction includes hives and anaphylactic shock?
Type 1- Allerigic
What type of white blood cell arrives early at the site of an infection, ingests bacteria, and is destroyed when it releases digestive enzymes needed to kill the ingested bacteria?
Neutrophils
What antibody class is elevated in people with allergies?
IgE
What’s the viral window?
If you have an allergic rxn to something, could it be the first time you were exposed?
Primary immune response is dominated by Ig_ while secondary response is predominated by Ig_.
It’s the period of time you have a pathogen, with no antibodies to effect it
NO. You would have to be exposed some time in the past for the rxn to occur
IgM. IgG
