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Immunology > Immunity to parasites > Flashcards

Immunity to parasites Flashcards

1
Q

are the protozoan parasites intracellular or extracellular ?

A

they can be both

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2
Q

are the protozoans big or small in size ?

A

small

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3
Q

how is malaria transmitted ?

A

by the female anopheles mosquito

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4
Q

what is the natural resistance to malaria ?

A

sickle cell anemia

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5
Q

what does species specificity mean in malaria ?

A

so having immunity against 1 species does not protect against others

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6
Q

what does stage specificity mean in malaria ?

A

immunity against one life-cycle stage does not protect against another

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7
Q

malaria shows antigenic variation , what does this mean ?

A

the parasite changes it’s antigens to allow reinfection and evade killing

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8
Q

malaria shows immune suppression , what does this show a strong correlation with ?

A

Burkitt’s Lymphoma which is a cancer

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9
Q

what do you need to destroy to combat malaria ?

A

The parasite itself and

the immune cells or RBC infected with the pathogen

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10
Q

what in the immune system is involved in combating ?

A

CD4+ T cells - TH1 and Th2
Cd8+ cT cells - killer cells
Antibodies

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11
Q

what are our responses to the parasite controlled by ?

A

genetic and environmental factors

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12
Q

how is leishmania transmitted ?

A

by an infected sandfly

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13
Q

what is the promastigotes ?

A

the parasite inside the insect , the sandfly

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14
Q

what are the intracellular amastigotes ?

A

when the parasite enters the macrophages inside the human.

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15
Q

what do the APC , dendritic cells , produce and what does this result in ?

A

IL 12 which activates the macrophages to kill the intramacrophage parasite

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16
Q

what do the NK cells and TH1 cells release which help to combat the parasite ?

A

IFN gamma which also activates the macrophages

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17
Q

what do the activated macrophages release?

A

microbicidal products such as superoxide , nitric oxide which kill the parasite

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18
Q

how does leishmania evade detection ?

A

as it lives inside the macrophage it can turn off cell killing so the macrophages are no longer activated.

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19
Q

what is the definitive host for toxoplasma gondii ?

A

a cat

20
Q

what does the host produce ?

A

oocyst

21
Q

what can the oocysts infect ?

A

any host

22
Q

what does the parasite live inside ?

A

cysts

23
Q

what’s the main response to toxoplasma gondi ?

A

the CD8+ T cells that produce IFN gamma
IgA
IgG

24
Q

what can occur to AIDS patients ?

A

the cysts in the brain can reactivate causing encephalitis

25
Q

what does IgA do ?

A

they play a role in protecting the gut mucosa by neutralisation

26
Q

how are the IgG coated parasites killed ?

A

inside the macrophage following the phagolysosome fusion

27
Q

what is trypanosoma brucei also called ?

A

sleeping sickness

28
Q

what’s the 2 stages called ?

A

a slender stage and a stumpy stage

29
Q

where does the parasite live ?

A

in the bloodstream

30
Q

is the parasite extracellular or intracellular ?

A

extracellular

31
Q

what is used in the humoral response ?

A

antibodies

32
Q

what produces the IgM antibody and how does this fight the infection?

A

the plasma B cell and this is directed against the variant surface glycoprotein

33
Q

what is antigenic variation ?

A

this is when the surface coat changes it’s antigens

34
Q

what is the Th1 response?

A

this is when IFN gamma is produced and this acts on the macrophage and reactive oxygen intermediates and reactive nitrogen intermediates are also released.

35
Q

how often does the switch occur ?

A

every 100 divisions

36
Q

what does trypanosoma Cruzi cause ?

A

the Chaga’s disease

37
Q

is the parasite intracellular or extracellular ?

A

it can be both

38
Q

what is the trypomastigote ?

A

this is the extracellular

39
Q

what is the amastigote ?

A

this is the intracellular

40
Q

what does the parasite infect ?

A

the macrophages which affects the muscles

41
Q

how can this parasite lead to death?

A

the host can no longer swallow and the heart muscle can stop beating

42
Q

what are the immune responses induced ?

A

the IFN gamma stimulates the macrophages and cytotoxic T cell kills the infected muscle cell

43
Q

what is the theory around this parasite and autoimmunity?

A

is the antigen on the parasite so similar to our own cells that this causes autoimmunity?

44
Q

what T cell prevents autoimmunity ?

A

the Treg cell

45
Q

how does the body expel gut nematodes ?

A

They do so by increased mucus production and iincreased peristalsis, which is the movement in the gut.

Immunology (20 decks)

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