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Immunology > Cell mediated immunity > Flashcards

Cell mediated immunity Flashcards

1
Q

give an example of an intracellular pathogen ?

A

viruses and bacteria

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2
Q

give examples of extracellular pathogens ?

A

ectoparasites such as lice and some bacteria

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3
Q

what type of pathogen size wise is a virus ?

A

a microscopic one

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4
Q

is a protozoan parasite a unicellular or multicellular ?

A

unicellular

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5
Q

is a tapeworm multicellular or unicellular ?

A

multicellular

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6
Q

what does it depend on in a pathogen on what immune response is given ?

A

the size of the pathogen

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7
Q

what cannot be done if the pathogen is too large ?

A

it cannot be phagocytosed whole

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8
Q

what is a cell mediated response ?

A

an immune response that involves cells

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9
Q

what do the resident cells at the site of entry do ?

A

they recruit innate cells to the site

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10
Q

what type of cells are involved in a cell mediated response ?

A

innate and specific cells

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11
Q

what are the effector responses ?

A

this is when a response to do something occurs such as for phagocytosis to occur

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12
Q

an effector response is the antibody based agglutination , what does this mean ?

A

it is the clumping of particles

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13
Q

describe the antibody mediated cytotoxicity ?

A

mechanism of cell-mediated immune defense whereby an effector cell of the immune system actively lyses a target cell, whose membrane-surface antigens have been bound by specific antibodies.

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14
Q

list the innate cells involved in cell mediated immunity ?

A

Nk cells
basophils
granuloytes
mast cells

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15
Q

what are the specific cells involved in cell mediated immunity ?

A

the direct effect cytotoxic T cells

antibodies

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16
Q

how does recognition occur in innate cells ?

A

the pathogen associated molecular pathways (PAMP’s) bind with the pattern recognition receptors (PRR’s)

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17
Q

how does the specific B and T cells go through recognition ?

A

the specific amino acid sequence of proteins results in antigen - antibody binding and T cell receptor binding.

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18
Q

if the site of an extracellular infection is in the interstitial spaces , blood or lymph how is protection achieved from a pathogen ?

A

by complement
phagocytosis
antibodies

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19
Q

if the site of an extracellular infection is the epithelial surface how is protection against the pathogen achieved from say gnorrhoeae?

A

antimicrobial peptides

antibodies especially IgA

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20
Q

if there is an intracellular infection in the cytoplasmic cells of say a virus how is the protective response ?

A

NK cells

cytotoxic T cells

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21
Q

if the intracellular infection is in the vesicular cells of say leishmania then how is this fought ?

A

by using T cells and NK cells

macrophage activation

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22
Q

how does blood clotting help in fighting a pathogen ?

A

it limits the spread

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23
Q

in terms of time what is the difference between specific cells and non specific cells ?

A

specific cells take time to be produced while the non specific cells can respond first to try and control the infection

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24
Q

an effector cell is Th1 for intracellular immunity , what do these do ?

A

they eliminate intracellular pathogens by activating macrophages through secreting IFN gamma.

25
Q

An effector cell is the Th2 for extracellular immunity to a pathogen , what do these do ?

A

they recruit eosinophils and basophils to eliminate and try to eradicate the pathogen

26
Q

whats the cells 3 cells that carry out phagocytosis ?

A

macrophages and neutrophils and dendritic

27
Q

what is produced when respiratory burst occurs ?

A

superoxide

28
Q

1st stage of phagocytosis ?

A

the cells has arms called pseudopod that surround the pathogen

29
Q

2nd stage ?

A

the lysosome then fuses with the phagosome to form a phagolysosome and the enzymes from the lysosome digest the pathogen.

30
Q

what are the toxic products called that can be produced ?

A

nitric oxide

hydrogen peroxide

31
Q

how can the rate of phagocytosis be increased ?

A

by the antibodies labelling the cell called opsonisation

32
Q

how is the waste excreted ?

A

by exocytosis

33
Q

what do our own cells contain ?

A

MHC

34
Q

list some granuolyctes ?

A 
basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils 
NK
mast cells
35
Q

what does a granulocyte contain ?

A

granules that contain toxic products

36
Q

what occurs when recognition occurs in the granulocytes by the receptors ?

A

the toxic products are released from the granules.

37
Q

what is the function of cytotoxic cells?

A

Cytotoxic cells are used to lyse body’s own cells – get rid of abnormal cells or pathogen infected cells

38
Q

does the pathogen contain MHC ?

A

nope only the bodies own cells

39
Q

how does the cytotoxic cells recognise the bodies own cells ?

A

by the MHC

40
Q

do the cytotoxic T cell lyse the pathogen directly ?

A

no

41
Q

is CD8+ a cytotoxic T cell ?

A

yes

42
Q

what is recognition in a cytotoxic T cell dependent on ?

A

the amount of MHC expressed

43
Q

what type of ligand does a cytotoxic T cell contain ?

A

a FAS ligand which has interaction with the target cell

44
Q

what is an immunological synapse ?

A

this is what allows the cells to be in close contact and granules pass through

45
Q

what does perforin and granzymes do ?

A

they induce apoptosis

46
Q

does inflammation occur when apoptosis happens and is this good or bad ?

A

no inflammation which is good as this means no healthy tissue is damaged

47
Q

perforin is found in granule of cytotoxic T cell , role ?

A

aids in delivering contents of granules into cytoplasm of target cell

48
Q

granzymes found in granules of cytotoxic , role ?

A

these are serine proteases that activate apoptosis once in the cytoplasm of target cell

49
Q

granulsin is found in granules of cytotoxc T cell , role ?

A

it has antimicrobial actions and can induce apoptosis

50
Q

what does the rapid delivery of granules result in ?

A

polarisation of the granules before exocytosis occurs

51
Q

when the death signal is released and this causes a cell to die , what occurs ?

A

a caspase cascade occurs

52
Q

are granules released before or after the target cell is stimulated or direct death signal ?

A

after

53
Q

do the T cells just kill one cell?

A

no they go on to kill the next target cell as they are serial killers

54
Q

do NK cells have one type of receptor or more?

A

they have 3 types

55
Q

what’s the 2 responses of a NK cell ?

A

it can either activate killing by inducing apoptosis or it inhibits killing

56
Q

what does interferon gamma activate ?

A

macrophages

57
Q

helper T H2 cells explained ?

A

activated by IL4 IL-5 IL 10 and causes recruitement of eosinophils and basophils and cause antibody production as B cells activated.

58
Q

TH17 explained ?

A

activated by Il-17A and involved in antibody prodcution

59
Q

what is a granuloma and cyst ?

A

These are cells that can form organized structures – granulomas or tissue cysts . They seal off the pathogen and this starves it of nutrients and oxygen which can cause damage at the site of infection

Immunology (20 decks)

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