Immunity - Self-Study

Question 1

What are the two types of defense mechanisms involved in immunity?

Answer 1

Innate (non-specific)
Adaptive (specific)

Question 1

What does the innate/non-specific defences include?

Answer 1

Consists of physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defences that are in place prior to an infection occurring
Includes the first and second line of defense

Question 2

What does the first line of defense include?

Answer 2

Physical and chemical barriers at all potential portals of entry

Question 3

What are the 8 barriers in place in the first line of defense?

Answer 3

1) skin - mechanical and chemical
2) mucous membranes
3) cilia
4) normal flora
5) lysosomal enzymes
6) digestive system
7) urinary tract
8) vagina

Question 4

What are the 3 major cell types involved in the second line of defense?

Answer 4

1) leukocytes
2) natural killer cells
3) cytokines

Question 5

What are the 2 types of leukocytes?

Answer 5

1) granulocytes
2) nongranular leukocytes

Question 6

What are the 3 types of granulocytes?

Answer 6

Grandpa _ Phil
- neutrophils _ most numerous, 1st to site of injury, phagocytic action
- eosinophils - increase in parasitic & allergic reactions
- basophils - increase in allergic & hypersensitivity reactions

Question 7

What are the 2 types of agranular leukocytes?

Answer 7

• Monocytes - become macrophages once they more from the circulation to the tissues
• macrophages - 10x more effective than neutrophils at phagocytosis

Question 8

What are natural killer cells?

Answer 8

Lymphocytes that don’t have B or T cell markers - found in the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow, and blood
Have the ability to recognize & kill tumour cells, abnormal cells ) & infected cells

Question 9

What are cytokines?

Answer 9

Intercellular signalling proteins that bind to receptors on target cells and alter cell function
“The hormones of the immune system”
Have pro-inflammatory and immune modulating effects

Question 10

What are the 3 methods of intercellular cytokine signalling?

Answer 10

1) autocrine - cytokines that affect the same cell that secreted it
2) paracrine - cytokines that affect neighbouring cells
3) endocrine - cytokines that have systemic effect and can act on cells far away from

Question 11

What are the 3 classes of cytokines?

Answer 11

1) chemokines - cytokines released from lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
2) growth factor - control the growth and development of various cell types
3) colony stimulating factor - stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of blood cells