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IM1 Exam 6 > Immunity/Reaction > Flashcards

Immunity/Reaction Flashcards

1
Q

immunity

A

physiologic process that provides an individual with protection or defense from disease

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2
Q

immunity - chart

A
  • responds to threats on an individualized basis
  • split it into innate immunity and acquired immunity
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3
Q

innate immunity - chart

A

genetically determined - no prior exposure or antibody production involved

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4
Q

acquired immunity - chart

A

produced by prior exposure or antibody production
- split into active immunity and passive immunity

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5
Q

active immunity - chart

A

(body is creating antibodies)
produced by antibodies that develop in response to antigens
(immune response)
- split into naturally acquired immunity and induced active immunity

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6
Q

passive immunity - chart

A

(get antibodies from someone else)
produced by transfer of antibodies from another person
- split into induced passive immunity and natural passive immunity

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7
Q

naturally acquired immunity - chart

A

develops after exposure to antigens in environment
(ex: had flu, got flu again and now body knows how to fight it off)

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8
Q

induced active immunity - chart

A

develops after administration of antigen to prevent disease
(vaccine, deactivated disease given in vaccine so body learns how to fight it off)

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9
Q

induced passive immunity - chart

A

conferred by administration of antibodies to combat infection
(ex: covid antibodies from someone else)

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10
Q

natural passive immunity - chart

A

conferred by transfer of maternal antibodies across placenta or in breast milk
(ex: vaccine given to pregnant mother or breast milk)

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11
Q

nutrition is vital to immunity

A

really good nutrition can fight off infection, can help with:
- innate immunity: natural ability to fight off infection
- anti-inflammation: some foods are anti-inflammatory
- anti-aging: foods high in collagen
- anti-cancer: ex: greens high in alkaline from terminal patient’s mother example

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12
Q

attributes of immunity

A
  • normal WBC and differential counts
  • negative bacterial and viral cultures
  • soft, non-tender lymph nodes
  • recognition of self: autoimmune diseases don’t have this, self attacks self, WBC?
  • recognition of foreign proteins: body should have natural response when recognizes that something is foreign and only recognize foreign stuff as foreign
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13
Q

malnutrition - protein

A

risk factors:
- psychological, social and environmental
- oral and dental disorders
- swallowing disorders
- psychiatric disorders
- changes in mental status
- other neurological disorders
- long-term drug therapy/polymedication
- acute/chronic disease
- dependency of ADLs
- restrictive diets
causes:
- social isolation, grieving, finances, mistreatment, hospitalization, change in lifestyle
- poorly fitted dentures, mouth dryness, poor dental status, taste disorders, oral mucosa disorders
- dysphagia
- eating disorders, depressive disorders
- confusion
- stroke
- loss of appetite, dry mouth, drowsiness
- pain, constipation, disability
- need assistance with cooking, eating, mobility
- physician order diets or slimming diets

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14
Q

antigen

A

proteins that induce an immune response when they enter the body. antigens can be found within:
- microorganisms
- vaccines
- transplanted organs
- allergens (animal dander, pollen, foods)
(antigens are foreigns proteins that body recognizes as foreign)

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15
Q

inflammation

A

cellular response to injury, infection or irritation
- localized signs and symptoms: (just at site of the invasion)
– redness
– swelling
– heat
– pain
– loss of function
- systemic signs and symptoms:
– fever
– increased white blood cells
– malaise: groggy, tired
– anorexia
– nausea/vomiting
– lymph node tenderness/enlargement
– organ failure

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16
Q

inflammatory response

A

inflammation is a non-specific response to something that is harmful to the body (e.g., infection, injury, or allergen)
(antibodies are specific to antigens, inflammation is not specific)

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17
Q

chronic inflammation

A

chronic response
- cause of inflammation remains active
- tissue destruction continues
- scar tissue may continue to form rather than normal functional tissue
- response to infection is inadequate
- patient experiences chronic symptoms (e.g., pain)
inflammation plays a role in many chronic diseases

18
Q

allergic response

A
  • hypersensitive immune reaction to a substance that normally is harmless or would not cause an immune response in everyone
    – mild (sensitivity)
    – life threatening (severe allergy)
  • histamine released
  • body produces antibody to the substance
19
Q

factors increasing host susceptibility to infection

A
  • developmental
  • breaks in the first line of defense
  • illness or injury/chronic disease
  • smoking
  • substance abuse
  • multiple sex partners
  • environmental factors (pollution, no clean water)
  • invasive procedures
  • suppressed immune system/medications
20
Q

malnutrition

A
  • infections are frequent and chronic in malnutrition
  • protein - energy malnutrition results in thymus changes
  • micronutrients deficiency affects innate and adaptive immune response
21
Q

micronutrients

A
  • iron
  • zinc
  • copper
  • selenium
  • vitamins
22
Q

vitamins

A
  • C
  • D
  • A
  • E
  • B6
  • B12
  • Folate
  • zinc
  • iron
  • copper
  • selenium
23
Q

factors that contribute to compromised immune function -> increased risk of infection

A

lead to poor diet:
- hectic, stressful lifestyle -> fast food, energy-dense but micronutrient-poor food
- sedentary lifestyle, obesity
- low income, lack of fresh, nutritious food
- restricted diet
poor diets -> suboptimal nutritional status ->
lead to compromised immune function:
- pollution, cigarette smoke
- chronic stress (physical and psychological)
- sleep disturbances/deprivation
- excessive alcohol consumption
- prolonged, excessive exercise
compromised immune function -> increased risk of infection

24
Q

stress and immune system

A
  • corticosteroid: stress hormone suppresses the immune system
  • decreases T cells
  • unhealthy coping strategies
    – drinking
    – smoking
    – insomnia
25
exercise
- increase T-cells - lower levels of inflammation - causes WBC to circulate more rapidly - greater response to vaccines - flushes out toxins from the body through sweat, urine and respiratory tract
26
older adult
- less able to distinguish self from non-self - macrophages destroy antigens more slowly - T-cells respond less quickly to antigens - white blood cells are fewer therefore the body is less able to remember and defend itself - antibodies become less able to attach to antigens - decrease in thirst therefore an increase in UTIs
27
nursing interventions
- nutrition - hygiene/hand hygiene - immunization - adequate rest and exercise - education
28
now onto
reaction ppt
29
pathophysiology
primary mediator of type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is immunoglobulin E (IgE)
30
allergy type 1
- allergy - deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to exogenous antigens - most common allergies are Type 1 - pollen, mold, fungi, foods, animals, dust, and almost anything we encounter in our environment - atopic-genetic predisposed (if both parents have egg allergy, 80% chance child has it, if mother is allergic, more common that child will have it than if just father is allergic) (allergy = exogenous antigens)
31
allergy signs and symptoms
- watery, runny eyes - runny nose - sneezing - nasal congestion - an itchy rash or hives
32
anaphylaxis
- immediate Type 1 hypersensitivity - rapid release of IgE-mediated chemicals - induces severe, life-threatening allergic reaction - food, drug, and insect bites (anaphylaxis = most severe form of type 1 hypersensitivity)
33
anaphylaxis signs and symptoms
lungs: - trouble breathing or noisy breathing - coughing, wheezing - sneezing - congestion - tightness in lungs - hoarseness heart and blood vessels: - chest pain - low blood pressure - weak, rapid pulse - dizziness, fainting skin: - pale or flushed skin - hives or welts - itchy skin - sweating mouth: - swelling of throat, face, lips or tongue stomach and digestion: - abdominal pain - nausea, vomiting - diarrhea
34
anaphylaxis picture
neurologic: - headache - dizziness - paresthesia (numbness in certain areas) - feeling of impending doom skin: - pruritus - angioedema - erythema - urticaria respiratory: - hoarseness - coughing - sensation of narrowed airway - wheezing - stridor - dyspnea, tachypnea - respiratory arrest cardiovascular: - hypotension - dysrhythmias - tachycardia - cardiac arrest gastrointestinal: - cramping, abdominal pain - nausea, vomiting - diarrhea
35
IgE
- reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells (antigens are introduced in the body and IgE has specific reactions to that)
36
treatment
- 1st line of defense: epinephrine (for anaphylaxis) - benadryl (doesn't help in anaphylaxis but for milder symptoms yes) (pepsid can help with symptoms in stomach)
37
anaphylactic reaction picture
- rapid onset (immediately or within 5-10 minutes) - dyspnea: tight throat, bronchospasm, laryngeal edema - feelings of apprehension - tingling and swelling in mouth, face, throat and tongue - itching - decreased BP - tachycardia - loss of consciousness - causes: insect stings (bee, wasp, ant), medication reaction, food allergy (peanuts, eggs, shellfish)
38
EPI-pen
- dosage: 0.3mg IM, one time use - light sensitive, keep in storage tube - administer in thigh - very expensive
39
epinephrine
- action: adrenergic response - route: -- SQ: --- onset 5-10 mins --- peak 20 mins --- duration 1-4 hrs -- IM: --- onset 6-12 mins --- peak unknown --- duration 1-4 hrs -- IV: --- onset rapid --- peak 20 mins --- duration 20-30 mins
40
ephinephrine for anaphylactic reaction
- SQ, IM: 0.1-0.5 mg (not to exceed 1mg); may repeat every 10-15 mins - IV: 0.25mg every 5-15 mins, may be followed by 1-4mcg continuous infusion (continuous infusion can be used if bad anaphylaxis that isn't getting better)
41
benadryl
- action: antagonizes the effects of histamine at the receptor site - route: -- PO: --- onset 15-60 mins --- peak 2-4 hrs --- duration 4-8 hrs -- IM: --- onset 20-30 mins --- peak 2-4 hrs --- duration 4-8 hrs -- IV: --- onset rapid --- peak unknown --- duration 4-8 hrs (IV benadryl used typically when going to give med that is known to cause allergy symptoms, like a med in renal that gives almost everyone some kind of allergic reaction)
42
benadryl for anaphylactic reaction
- PO: 25-50mg every 4-6 hrs, not to exceed 300mg/day - IM, IV: 25-50mg every 4 hrs, not to exceed 400mg/day

IM1 Exam 6 (3 decks)

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