Immunity (Innate And Acquired)

Question 1

Definition of immunity

Answer 1

The resistance offered by the host against microorganism or any foreign substance is called as immunity

Question 2

Unique features of innate immunity ( (6)

Answer 2

-1 acts in minutes

2) first line of defense
3) No memory
4) non-specific
5) diversity is limited
6) prior microbial exposure is not needed

Question 3

MAMP’s - full form and definition example

Answer 3

Microbes-associated molecular patterns
They are the repeating patterns of molecules on the surface of microbes
Example: peptido glycan, lipopolysacchride, teichoic acid

Question 4

PRR’s fullform, example

Answer 4

Pattern recognition receptors _
Molecules present on the surface of the host cells that, recognise (mamps) and signals generatedon binding which causes transcription to produce cytokines and enzymes.
Example - toll like receptors

Question 5

Name components of innate immunity.

Answer 5

1) anatomical - skin, mucosa
2) physiological _ body temperature, ph, saliva, tears, gastric Juice
3 phagocytes
4 natural killer cells
5) dendritic cells
6) complement system
7 ) mast cells
8) normal resident flora
9) cytokines
10) inflammatory response
11 ) acute phase reactants

Question 6

What phagocytes are major components of innate immunity

Answer 6

’ Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages

Question 7

Mention rare classes of lymphocytes involved in innate immunity

Answer 7

Gamma delta T cells - intraepithelial lymphocytes
Nk-t cells - present in epithelium and lymphoid organs
B- 1 cells- present in peritoneal cavity and mucosal tissue
Marginal zone b-cells -, edges of typhoid follicles in spleen

Question 8

Role of mast cell in innate immunity

Answer 8

1) activated when microbes bird toTLR or by ig E mechanisms
2) releases histamine, prostaglandins and cytokines
3) which cause inflammation proteolytic enzyme result which in killing of bacteria

Question 9

Role of dendritic cells in innate immunity

Answer 9

1) they produce cytokines l
2) they serve as vehicles for transport of antigens to, lymphocytes T cells
3) forms bridge between innate and acquired immunity.

Question 10

Complement pathways role in innate immunity

Answer 10

1) mannose birding pathway activated when mannose carbohydrate residues on bacterial surface
2) alternative compliment pathway activated wither bacterial endotoxin is released
These pathways function by
• lysis of target microbes
• stimulates inflammation
. Stimulate acquired immunity

Question 11

Events taking place during inflammation

Answer 11

• Vasodilation
• leakage
. Recruitment of phagocytes by marination, rolling, extravasate -ion, chemo taxis
• engulfment of microbes
. Destruction of microbes

Question 12

What is hypersensitivity reactions

Answer 12

Inflammation producing injurious consequences to the host tissue is as called as hyper sensitive reactions

Question 13

Cytokines involved in innate immunity are

Answer 13

Tumnor necrosis factor
Interleukin 1 6 8,12, 16
Interferon
transforming growth factor

Question 14

APR def and types

Answer 14

Acute phase reactants are the proteins whose concentration drastically increases or decreases during acute inflammation
Types are: 1 positive APR
2. Negative APR

Question 15

Name few positive and negative Apr

Answer 15

Positive Apr- c reactive protein, ceruloplasmin, hapto, globulin, mannose binding protein

Negative apr-albumin, transferrin, antithrombin

Question 16

Why is C protein named so

Answer 16

Because it precipitat C carbohydrate antigen of pneumo coccus

Question 17

Normal and abnormal levels of crp

Answer 17

0.2mgldl - normal
0.2-1= insignificant increase →heavy exercise, pregnancy common cold
1-10 = moderate increase y → bronchitis, cystitis pancreatitis
> 10 - marked increase → acute bacterial infection

Question 18

Test to access CPR

Answer 18

• Precipitation method using carbohydrate antigen (not used now )
. Latex agglutination test

Question 19

Unique features of acquired immunity.

Answer 19

-1) response occurs in days
2 specific
3) requires prior exposure
4 broad diversity
5 memory present
6 host cell receptors are specific
7 major mediators are T and B cells

Question 20

Premunition/ concominant immunity

Answer 20

• The effect of immunity lasts for however long the microbe is present, once diseas is cured then the patient is again susceptible

Question 21

Primary immune response stages

Answer 21

1 latent period
Z effector cells bet cells production
3 formation of memory cells
4. Antibody surge _ mainly ig M type

Question 22

Secondary immune response stages

Answer 22

O Latent period
O negative phase
O antibody surge - mainly ig G

Question 23

Example for artificial passive immunity

Answer 23

Rabies immunoglobulin

Question 24

Name bridges between innate and. Acquired immunity

Answer 24

1 marrophags3 dendritic cells
2. Complement system
3. Adcc antigen dependent cellmediated cytotoxicity
4 rare class of lymphocytes
5. Cytokines.

Question 25

Local/mucosal immunity

Answer 25

Immune response active at mucosal surfaces
Ig A is mainly involved
Eg: polio drops or after polio infection the intestinal mucosa o ill coated with ig A to prevent subsequent polio infection

Question 26

Herd immunity definition

Answer 26

Overall immunity ofa community towards a pathogen

Mainly developed against 1. Diphtheria and pertussis vaccine
2. Measles, mumps, rubella vaccine
3. Polio
4 small pox

Question 27

Adoptive immunity

Answer 27

Type of cell mediated immune response after injecting immunology competent T lymphocytes