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Microbiology > Immunity and Vaccines > Flashcards

Immunity and Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How is the normal microbiota part of our immune system

A

part of our innate immunity to pathogens - by colonizing niches of our bodies and releasing primary and secondary metabolites

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2
Q

Functions of immune system

A
  • Recognize and protect us from invading microorganisms and cancers.
  • Differentiate between pathogens, self, and harmless antigens.
  • Regulate itself so that it is not responding to self (auto-immune disease) or harmless environmental antigens (allergies).
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3
Q

Innate immunity vs. adaptive

A

Innate (non-specific) immunity:
* Provides resistance to any foreign molecule or pathogen
* Does not require previous exposure
* Strength of response does no increase upon repeat exposure
Adaptive (specific) immunity:
* Acquired ability to recognize and destroy a specifc pathogen
* Prior exposure strenghens and quickens response

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4
Q

Aspects of innate immunity

A
  • Physical/chemical barriers: skin, mucus, stomach acids, good microbes
  • Phagocytosis (innate and adaptive)
  • Inflammation (innate and adaptive)
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5
Q

Function of phagocytosis & what cells do this

A

engulf and destroy microbes: microbe taken up into phagosome, phagosome fuses with lysosome (organelle containing lysozyme, proteases, nucleases, lipases), lysosome destroys microbe
* macrophages, neutrophils

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6
Q

How to pathogens avoid phagocytosis

A
  • capsule (steptococcus sp.)
  • Escape phagosome (mycobacterium tuberculosis taking over macrophages
  • Resist lysosomal enzymes
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7
Q

Components of inflammtion

A
  • vasodilation
  • blood vessels become more permeable
  • neutrophils move out of capillaries
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7
Q

goal of inflammation

A

localize and destroy the pathogen

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8
Q

What molecules does the innate immune system recognize as foreign

A

Molecules that are found on microbes but not our cells -** microbe associated moelcular patterns (MAMPs)**
* Bacterial: lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Flagellin, Teichoic Acids
* Fungal: B-glucans (part of cell wall), Mannans
* Viral: dsRNA

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9
Q

Characteristics of adaptive immunity

A
  • specific
  • takes time to generate
  • creates memory
  • Diverse: can recognize billions of pathogens
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10
Q

What must an a compound lead to for it to be considered an antigen

A

and adaptive immune response
* polysaccharides, proteins, glycoprotiens, flagella, pili, toxins, etc,
* lock and key fit

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11
Q

Where is the O antigen of gram - bacteria

A

Lipopolysaccharide in cell wall

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12
Q

Two major spike proteins on flu virus

A
  • Hemagglutinin (HA)
  • Neuraminidase (NA)

Spike proteins of viruses are good antigens

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13
Q

COVID vaccines are mostly aimed at the

A

spike glycoproteins

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14
Q

antibodies

A

glycoproteins made in response to an antigen that can recognize and bind to it

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15
Q

What creates different antibodies

A

gene rearrangment

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16
Q

Antibody functions

A
  • stimulation of inflammation response
  • Neutralization (covering up active site on toxin or pathogen)
  • Opsonization (pathogen coated with antibodies to enhance phagocytosis)
17
Q

What cells are the reason for memory

A

B cells

18
Q

Artifically acquired adaptive immunity =

A

immunization

19
Q

immunization

A

process. y which our immune system becomes artificially fortified against a pathogen

20
Q

passive vs active immunization

A

passive: administration of preformed antibodies, immunity is artificially acquired (from mom) Antibodies are given not made

Active: protective immunity is induced - our bodies make antibodies (vaccination)

21
Q

Whole organism vaccines

A
  • inactivated (killed) - intake spike proteins to elicit immune response but cannot incude infection (polio, rabies, pertussis, flu)
  • attenuated (live but avirulent) - no longer cause disease on human cells cuz it is grown on monkey cells and mutates; **still has antigens on surface (spike proteins) but can no longer infect us ** (measles, chicken pox, small pox, typhoid)
22
Q

Purified macromolecules (including toxoids)

A

Pieces of pathogens (tetanus, pneumococaal vaccine)

23
Q

Toxoid

A

chemical modification that removes toxin moiety from the toxin leaving it with only the antigenic determinants = the toxoid

24
Q

Recombinant vaccines

A

Genes encoding for antigen are inserted inot non-virulent host (Hep B, Ebola vaccine)
* Hep B antigen producing gene is taken out of virus genome and inserted into bacterial plasmid = recombinant DNA
* Recombinant DNA is put into a yeast cell and grow/multiply producing HB antigen to put into vaccine

Isolating the HB antigen and putting into non-virulant host!!!

25
Q

HPV is what type of virus

A

dsDNA
* host and tissue specific

26
Q

Human papillomavirus is always transmitted skin to

A

skin

27
Q

Most common form of Human papullomavirus (HPV)

A

sexually transmitted disease
~80% of unvaccinated sexually active ppl will become infected with HPV
* a few strains cause cervical cancer in women

28
Q

What are HeLa immortalized cells

A

HPV-18 infected human cells
* taken from Henrietta Lacks after death from cervical cancer to form HeLa cell line
* Used today for research

29
Q

what is the HPV vaccine based on

A

based on HPV viral protein 1 (Gardasil and Servarix)

30
Q

What type of vaccine is the HPV

A

Recombinant-antigen vaccine
* nearly 100% effective against HPV 16 & 18 - cancer causing ones

31
Q

Cause of smallpox

A

Variola major virus (dsDNA virus)
* no asymptomatic individuals

32
Q

smallpox kills what % of infected individuals

A
  • 30-40%
33
Q

What does smallpox destroy in our bodies

A

kidneys, heart, brain

34
Q

how is smallpox transmitted

A

saliva, contaminated clothing, bedding

35
Q

What populations were very affected by smallpox

A
  • Aztecs
  • Incans in Peru - downfall of incan empire
  • British soldiers
36
Q

Variolation (Smallpox)

A

traditional method of immunizing patients against smallpox by infecting them with substance from the pustules of patients with a mild form of the disease

37
Q

Cowpox relation to smallpox

A

people who got cowpox couldnt get small pox

38
Q

smallpox “vaccine” with James Phipps

A

he was inoculated with cowpox (Variolae vaccinae - Vacca = cow in latin) sore from a dairy maid

39
Q

WHO eradication program

A
  • Widespread vaccination
  • Incentive to report sick individuals
40
Q

Why was smallpox well suited to be eradicated

A
  • no asymptomatic carries
  • easy to identify
  • only humans can get it = no reservoir

Microbiology (9 decks)

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