Immunity Flashcards
Antibodies against meningococcus assist ________ cells in destroying the bacteria
phagocytic
Tissue damage causes inflammation and activation of ___________, which help lyse the bacteria.
complement
response that takes longer to produce antibodies
primary
response that produces antibodies quickly
secondary
neutrophils accumulate to kill bacteria in response to ________ signals
chemotactic
when bitten by dog, patient is given _______ to prevent rabies
immunoglobulins
immunoglobulins provide passive immunity for ______ (how long?)
2 months
neonate’s ______ level drop after birth
IgG
neonates lowest level of IgG will be ______ months afer birth
5-6
the spectrum of microorganisms colonized on the body’s surfaces
normal microbiome
the natural epithelial barrier and inflammation that confer innate resistance and protection
innate (natural/native) immunity
process that is initiated by inflammation and results in a long-term and very effective immunity to infecting microorganisms
adaptive (acquired/specific) immunity
type of immunity that is slow to develop but has memory & rapidly targets/eradicates a 2nd infection
adaptive immunity
physical, mechanical, and biochemical barriers at the body’s surfaces that are in place at birth to prevent damage by sunbstances in the environment and thwart infection by pathogenic microorganisms
natural barriers
the second line of defense that is activated if the surface barriers are breached which protects from further injury, prevents infection of injured tissue, and promotes healing
inflammatory response
a rapid activation of of biochemical and cellular processes that is relatively nonspecific
inflammatory response
highly interconnected junctions that prohibit the passage of microorganisms into the underlying tissue
mucosal epithelial cells
mechanical cleansing of body surfaces include…
vomiting and urination
these cells produce mucus that coats the epithelial surface and traps microorganisms that are removed by hairlike cilia that mechanically move the mucus upward to be expelled by coughing or sneezing
goblet cells of the UR tract
substances synthesized and secreted by epithelial surfaces that trap or destroy microorganisms
epithelial-derived chemicals
examples of epithelial-derived chemicals
mucus sweat sliva tears earwax
in the skin, these secrete antibacterial and antifungal fatty acids and lactic acid
sebaceous glands
enzyme in sweat, tears and saliva that attacks the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
lysozyme
________ create an acidic skin surface (pH 3-5) which is inhospitable for most bacteria
glandular secretions
proteins secreted by epithelial cells that destroy pathogens
antimicrobial peptides
generally positively charged polypeptides of approximately 15-95 amino acids that can be divided into 2 classes
antimicrobial peptides
these can activate cells of innate and adaptive immunity
cathelicidins and defensins
family of glycoproteins produced and secreted by the lungs which include surfactant proteins A-D and mannosebinding lectin
collectins
these react with different affinities to carbohydrates and lipids on the surfaces of a wide array of pathogenic microorganisms
collectins
the process that facilitates recognition of the microorganism by macrophages, enhancing macrophage attachment, phagocytosis and killing
collectin binding
powerful activator of a plasma protein system (complement) that recofnizes a sugar commonly found on the surface of microbes which damages bacteria and increases recognition by macrophages
mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
epithelial antimicrobial found in intestinal goblet cells where it protects against helminth infections
resistin-like molecule beta
epithelial antimicrobial stored in neutrophils and intestinal epithelium that reacts with lipopolysaccharide on the surface of gram-negative nacteria resulting in bacterial lysis
bactericidal/permeability-inducing (BPI) protein
carbohydrates that are found in intestinal epithelium and have activity against gram-positive bacteria
antimicrobial lectins
rapid initiation and interactive system of humoral and cellular systems designed to limit the extent of tissue damage, destroy contaminating infectious microorganisms, initiate the adaptive immune response and begin the healing process
inflammatory response
cellular injury and pathogenic invasion result in…
mast cell degranulation
activation of plasma systems
release of cellular products
inflammatory response occurs in tissues with _______
vascularization (blood supply)
inflammatory response is activated ________ after damage occurs
rapidly (within seconds)
inflammatory response depends on the activity of ___________
cellular and chemical components
inflammatory response is _______
nonspecific
arteriole inflammatory response includes…
aterilor constriction
transudate production
mast cell degranulation
capillary inflammatory response includes…
emigration of neutrophils
spillage of erythrocytes
leukocyte (platelet adhesion)
platelet aggregation
endothelial cell contraction
increased vascular permeability
chemotaxis for neutrophilsvenule inflammatory response includes…
emigration of neutrophils
macrophage infiltration
mediators
fibrin deposition= fibrosis
Inflammatory Phases (Acute)
Cellular Injury
Acute Inflammation
Healing or Chronic Inflammation
Inflammatory Phases (Chronic)
Cellular Injury
Chronic Inflammation
Healing or Granuloma Formation
the 3 plasma protein systems
complement system
clotting system
kinin system
enzymes that are inactive froms of proteins
proenzymes
system athat produces several factors that can destroy pathogens directly and can activate or collaborate with other components of the innate and adaptive immune response
complement system
completement system pathway activated by proteins of the adaptive immune system (antibodies bound to their specific targets (antigens)
classical pathway
completement system pathway activated by mannose-containing bacterial carbohydrates
lectin pathway
completement system pathway activated by gram-negative nacterial and fungal cell wall polysaccharides
alternative pathway
early systemic response to inflammation which is partially induced by specific cytokines released from neutrophils and macrophages
fever
fever-causing cytokines
endogenous pyrogens
portion of the brain that controles the body’s temperature
hypothalamus
pyrogens act directly on the ________
hypothalamus
3 cardinal signs of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
plasma protein synthesis
increase in the number white blood cells (>11K)
leukocytosis
more immature forms of neutrophils present in relatively greater than normal proportions than mature neutrophils
leukocytosis with left shift
process of plasma proteins, mostly products of the liver, increased during inflammation
plasma protein synthesis
local manifestation of inflammation
vasodilation
increased capillary permeability
systemic manifestations of inflammation
fever
leukocytosis
plasma protein synthesis
cellular products of inflammation response
transudate leukocytes endothelial cell adhesion molecule neutrophils erythrocytes macrophages fibrin
watery exudate in early or mild inflammation with very few plasma proteins or leukocytes
serous
thick and clotted exudate in severe or advanced inflammation
fibrinous exudate
exudate that consists of pus caused by large amount of accumulated leukocytes in persistent bacterial infections
purulent (supparative) exudate
purulent (supparative) exudate is characteristic of …
walled-off lesions (cysts or abscesses)
exudate that includes bleeding and filled with erythrocytes
hemorrhagic exudate
first step in initiation of immune response that presents foreign fragments to immune system
macrophages ingest, process, and display antigen fragments on their cell surface
antigen presenting cells (APC)
cells that present and process antigens
antigen presenting cells (APC)
these are needed to start an immune response
antigen presenting cells (APC)
What are displayed on the surface of APCs?
macrophages with antigen fragments
What do macrophages with antigen fragments interact with?
T-helper cells that recognize the same antigen
macrophage + T-helper cell interaction releases _______ which stimulates _______
macrophage - chemical alarm system called IL-1 stimulates T-helper cells to secrete IL-2
IL-2 causes proliferation (rapid increase) in…
cytotoxic T cells + B cells
proliferation of cytotoxic T cells and B cells triggers…
cell-mediated and humoral immune response
cells that present and process antigens require a variety of cells in the __________ system
lymphoid (lymph nodes + spleen)
antigen processing is done by _________ cells
phagocytic (mostly dendritic)
the processed antigen is on the surface of the cells and recognized by the lymphocytes
antigen presentation
a molecule that can react with antibodies or antigen receptors on B and T cells
antigen
most antigens are _________
immunogens (will induce an immune response)
most important criteria for antigen to induce an immune response
antigen is foreign to the host
_______ antigens are the most immunogenic
large
criteria for antigen to induce immune response
- foreign to the host
- large
- adequate chemical complexity
- sufficient quantity
- route / vehicle of entry
- genetic make-up of host
glycoproteins found in all human cells except RBC
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
these carry identification or codes that help distinguish tissue from the tissue of others and from antigens or foreign substances.
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
these distinguish self from non-self
major histocompatibility complexes (MHC)
T lymphocytes cannot recognize foreign bodies unless they are displayed on the surface of…
MHC proteins on the cell
this is an important consideration for tissue and organ transplants
matching of the MHC gene expression
MHC are divided into _______
human leukocyte antigens (HLAs) that code for MHC
