immunity Flashcards
give two ways a pathogen can cause desease
release toxins
kill tissues/cells
why does water loss in any cell cause cell death
because water is a metabolite
why does 100% of the population not need to be vaccinated
fewer people will spread whooping cough if majority are vaccinated
as it creates heard immunity
unvaccinated individuals less likely to get sick
a mutation of a tumor supressor gene can result in the formation of a cancer cell
explain how
gene is inactive
due to changes in gentic code
cuases uncontrolable mitosis
not all mutations result in a change to the aino acid sequenve of encoded polypeptide
esplain why
code is degenerate
so mutation only affects introns
define degenerate
multiple triplets that code for only one amino acid
define intron
non coding dna
why might a certain virus infect a specific cell- dont talk about tertiary structure
virus has attachment proteins on outer membrane
attachment protiens/ antigens comp shape to receptors
receptor only found on [specific cell] e.g nerve cell
explain how viruses cuase cell death whilst remaining in the body
virus mrna binds to cells mRNA by complementory base pairing
prevents mrna being read by ribsomes
prevents translation
cell dies
suggest two further investigation that should be done after drug tested on mice
tested on other mammals FOR SIDE EFFECTS
tested on healthy humans to check for SIDE EFFECTS
give two types of cells other than pathogens that can stimulate an immune response
viral infected cells
abnormal or cancerous cells
suggest the importance of disulphide bridge in antibody
helps bond multiple different polypeptide chains together
if a mutation occours what does it affect
tertiary structure
what creates the complementory shape of antigen and antibody
complementory tertiary structure
give two ways to test if two pieces of viral dna are the same
gel electrophorisis
dna fingerprinting
determening the genome of a virus can help scientists to develope a vaccine
explain how
able to identify proteome
then able to identify specific antigens
define a monoclonal antibodies
an antibodies with identical tertiary structures
explain how being treated with an antivenom for a snake bite works and why it is essential to use
antivenom antibodies complementory teriary structure to snake venome, so bind to snake venom
passive immunity use
essential to use passive immunity as faster acting
suggest ehy a mixture of venoms from serval snakes is used to produce an antibodie in a human
aerveral antibodies complementory for several antigens.
[provides antigens for wide varity of poisions]
explain why a high mutation rate makes it difficult to develope a vaccine
high mutation= antigenic variability
vaccine contains specific antibodies with comp tertiary structure to antigens
