immunity

Question 1

give two ways a pathogen can cause desease

Answer 1

release toxins
kill tissues/cells

Question 2

why does water loss in any cell cause cell death

Answer 2

because water is a metabolite

Question 3

why does 100% of the population not need to be vaccinated

Answer 3

fewer people will spread whooping cough if majority are vaccinated
as it creates heard immunity
unvaccinated individuals less likely to get sick

Question 4

a mutation of a tumor supressor gene can result in the formation of a cancer cell
explain how

Answer 4

gene is inactive
due to changes in gentic code
cuases uncontrolable mitosis

Question 5

not all mutations result in a change to the aino acid sequenve of encoded polypeptide
esplain why

Answer 5

code is degenerate
so mutation only affects introns

Question 5

define degenerate

Answer 5

multiple triplets that code for only one amino acid

Question 6

define intron

Answer 6

non coding dna

Question 7

why might a certain virus infect a specific cell- dont talk about tertiary structure

Answer 7

virus has attachment proteins on outer membrane
attachment protiens/ antigens comp shape to receptors
receptor only found on [specific cell] e.g nerve cell

Question 8

explain how viruses cuase cell death whilst remaining in the body

Answer 8

virus mrna binds to cells mRNA by complementory base pairing
prevents mrna being read by ribsomes
prevents translation
cell dies

Question 9

suggest two further investigation that should be done after drug tested on mice

Answer 9

tested on other mammals FOR SIDE EFFECTS
tested on healthy humans to check for SIDE EFFECTS

Question 10

give two types of cells other than pathogens that can stimulate an immune response

Answer 10

viral infected cells
abnormal or cancerous cells

Question 11

suggest the importance of disulphide bridge in antibody

Answer 11

helps bond multiple different polypeptide chains together

Question 12

if a mutation occours what does it affect

Answer 12

tertiary structure

Question 13

what creates the complementory shape of antigen and antibody

Answer 13

complementory tertiary structure

Question 14

give two ways to test if two pieces of viral dna are the same

Answer 14

gel electrophorisis
dna fingerprinting

Question 15

determening the genome of a virus can help scientists to develope a vaccine
explain how

Answer 15

able to identify proteome
then able to identify specific antigens

Question 16

define a monoclonal antibodies

Answer 16

an antibodies with identical tertiary structures

Question 17

explain how being treated with an antivenom for a snake bite works and why it is essential to use

Answer 17

antivenom antibodies complementory teriary structure to snake venome, so bind to snake venom
passive immunity use
essential to use passive immunity as faster acting

Question 18

suggest ehy a mixture of venoms from serval snakes is used to produce an antibodie in a human

Answer 18

aerveral antibodies complementory for several antigens.
[provides antigens for wide varity of poisions]

Question 19

explain why a high mutation rate makes it difficult to develope a vaccine

Answer 19

high mutation= antigenic variability
vaccine contains specific antibodies with comp tertiary structure to antigens