immunity Flashcards
give two ways a pathogen can cause desease
release toxins
kill tissues/cells
why does water loss in any cell cause cell death
because water is a metabolite
why does 100% of the population not need to be vaccinated
fewer people will spread whooping cough if majority are vaccinated
as it creates heard immunity
unvaccinated individuals less likely to get sick
a mutation of a tumor supressor gene can result in the formation of a cancer cell
explain how
gene is inactive
due to changes in gentic code
cuases uncontrolable mitosis
not all mutations result in a change to the aino acid sequenve of encoded polypeptide
esplain why
code is degenerate
so mutation only affects introns
define degenerate
multiple triplets that code for only one amino acid
define intron
non coding dna
why might a certain virus infect a specific cell- dont talk about tertiary structure
virus has attachment proteins on outer membrane
attachment protiens/ antigens comp shape to receptors
receptor only found on [specific cell] e.g nerve cell
explain how viruses cuase cell death whilst remaining in the body
virus mrna binds to cells mRNA by complementory base pairing
prevents mrna being read by ribsomes
prevents translation
cell dies
suggest two further investigation that should be done after drug tested on mice
tested on other mammals FOR SIDE EFFECTS
tested on healthy humans to check for SIDE EFFECTS
give two types of cells other than pathogens that can stimulate an immune response
viral infected cells
abnormal or cancerous cells
suggest the importance of disulphide bridge in antibody
helps bond multiple different polypeptide chains together
if a mutation occours what does it affect
tertiary structure
what creates the complementory shape of antigen and antibody
complementory tertiary structure
give two ways to test if two pieces of viral dna are the same
gel electrophorisis
dna fingerprinting
