CHAPTER 1

Question 1

test for non-reducing sugars

Answer 1

benedticts test
heated
blue to green to yellow to orange to red

Question 2

why is it a good idea to use a colourimeter

Answer 2

standerdised and objective

Question 3

similaritie between lactose snd lactulose q

Answer 3

both contain glycosidic bond

Question 4

difference between lsctode lactulose

Answer 4

lactose contains just glucose but lactulose also contains fructose

Question 5

describe how the structure of cellulose is adapted for its function

Answer 5

long staraight chanis linked by hydrogen bonds provide strength

Question 6

describe how starch is adapted for it’s function

Answer 6

forms a helicase
means it’s complact easily

Question 7

eating stale bread produces retrpgrade starch how can retrograde starch cpmete against amalyse to prevent weight gain

Answer 7

less hydrolisis of starch into maltose as retrograde starch out competes amalyse
less absorbtion of glucose

Question 8

describe how the sequence of amino acids codes for a specific polypeptide

Answer 8

structure determined by relative position of amino acids
primary sgru ture specific sequence of amino acids
secondary structure formed via hydrogen bonding between these specific amino acids e.g beta pleated sheet alpha helix
tertiary structure interactions between r groups and the e.g hydrogen or ionic bonding
quaternary structure is when more that pne polypetide binds to form complex protien e.g heamoglobin

Question 9

give the properties of water

Answer 9

it’s a metablolite - condensation and hydrolysis reactions
high specific heat capacity
surface tension
cohesion tension - allows hydrogen atoms to stick together

Question 10

what do you say after tap is hydrolysed

Answer 10

energy is released

Question 11

what is atp formed from and how is formed

Answer 11

adenine, disulphide, three phosphate
via condensation reaction and atp synthase

Question 12

the movement os substances across cell membranes is affected by membrane structure describe how

Answer 12

phospholipid prevent s diffusion of polar substances through the membrane
carrier proteins allow active transport
channel proteins allow facility diffusion or co-transport
cholesterol affects fluidity and permiablitliy

Question 13

what are the stages of the cel; cycle

Answer 13

interphase
mitosis
cytokenisis

Question 14

what comes under interphase

Answer 14

g1
g2
s

Question 15

what happens in g1

Answer 15

growth
organelles replicate

Question 16

what happens in s phase

Answer 16

dna replication

Question 17

what happens in g2

Answer 17

error checking

Question 18

when do spindle fibres attach to chromatids

Answer 18

metaphase

Question 19

why in prophase do chromosomes look unclear
[2marks

Answer 19

chromosomes are only becoming visible as chromosomes are still condensing

Question 20

describe how a gene is a code for a specific polypeptide

Answer 20

because base nucleotides in triplets determine the order of amino acid sequence / primary structure

Question 21

what does it mean when a competitive inhibiter blocks the active site in terms of Dan replication

Answer 21

fewer nucleotides available for Dan replication

Question 22

why is mitosis important
[don’t just say growth and repair more specific]

Answer 22

growth increase the number of cells in the body
repair damaged tissues

Question 23

if one whole cell cycle takes 20 hours how long does mitosis take

Answer 23

2hours
or 10% because interphase [ G1,S, G2] takes 90%

Question 24

in terms of spindle fibres what happens during which process

Answer 24

prophase spindle fibers condense may become visible
during metaphase spindle fibres are released and attach to centromere

Question 25

why is mitosis important

Answer 25

halves the nubmer = haploid
full number =diploid are restored at fertilisation