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GENERAL BIOLOGY 4TH QUARTER > IMMUNITY > Flashcards

IMMUNITY Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The ability of an organism to resist illness whether caused by pathogens or other non-self (foreign) substances in the body.

A

Immunity

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2
Q

foreign and harmful agents that can enter the body through the airway, the digestive tract, the genitals, and other openings.

A

pathogens/pathogenic agents

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3
Q

two defence mechanisms against pathogenic agents

A

innate mechanisms
adaptive mechanisms

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4
Q

act against any type of antigen that do not have specificity.

A

innate mechanisms

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5
Q

are components of the immune system that act against specific antigens.

A

adaptive mechanisms

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6
Q

two immune responses under adaptive mechanism

A

humoral immune system
cell-mediated response

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7
Q

a type of white blood cell that has the ability to identify foreign substances and produce antibodies to destroy them.

A

lymphocytes (B cells)

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8
Q

foreign/non-self substances that have the ability to trigger an immune response.

A

antigens

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9
Q

are protein, protein-polysaccharide conjugates or large polysaccharide molecules found on the outside of the cell membranes of pathogens.

A

antigens

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10
Q

two major classes of lymphocytes

A

T cells, B cells

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11
Q

responsible for the immune response in which antibodies are produced

A

B cells

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12
Q

destroy pathogens or toxins produced by pathogens

A

antibodies

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13
Q

antibodies are proteins called ______________.

A

immunoglobulins

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14
Q

give the four polypeptide chains that compose an antibody molecule

A

two identical light chains
two identical heavy chains

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15
Q

connect the heavy and light chains to form antigen binding sites

A

disulphide (S-S) bridges and covalent bonds

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16
Q

lock is for _________ molecule while key is for a specific ________.

A

antibody, antigen

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16
Q

explains the specificity of each antibody for a particular antigen

A

lock and key hypothesis

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17
Q

it forms dimers in which two antibody molecules are attached to each other and secreted into body fluids.

A

Immunoglobulin A (IgA)

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18
Q

present in low concentrations in the serum and functions to act as antigen receptors on mature B cells.

A

Immunoglobulin D (IgD)

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18
Q

involved in anti-parasite immunity and allergies

A

Immunoglobulin E (IgE)

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18
Q

It agglutinates antigens. It enters the fetus through the placenta and helps protect the fetus during pregnancy.

A

Immunoglobulin G (IgG)

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19
Q

it is produced when the body responds to a particular antigen for the first time

A

Immunoglobulin M (IgM)

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20
Q

Lymphoid organs are divided into __________________ and ________________________.

A

primary lymphoid organ, secondary lymphoid organ

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21
Q

the two primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow, thymus

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22
Q

develop in the bone marrow and differentiate to produce T cells and B cells

A

stem cells

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23
Q

multiply and mature in the bone marrow

A

B cells

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24
Q

migrates to the thymus and multiply and mature there

A

T cells

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25
Q

this is where B cells and T cells accumulates after maturation.

A

secondary lymphoid organs/lymph nodes

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26
Q

this is where B cells and T cells circulates after maturation.

A

bloodstream

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27
Q

the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  • lymph nodes
  • spleen
  • tonsils
  • lymphoid tissues
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28
Q

large numbers of these are found in the secondary lymphoid organs

A

lymphocytes

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29
Q

provide a useful environment for the encounter and interaction of lymphocytes with antigens and other cells involved in immune response.

A

secondary lymphoid organs

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30
Q

causes the swelling and inflammation of the secondary lymphoid organs during infection

A

immune response, accumulation of B cells and T cells -

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31
Q

the six different types of antigen-antibody interaction

A
  • precipitation
  • agglutination
  • neutralization
  • lysis
  • opsonization
  • complement fixation (complement activation)
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32
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction where the antibody may react and link to soluble antigens to form insoluble antigen-antibody complexes which are easily “swallowed” by phagocytic cells

A

precipitation

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33
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction where antigens are crossed-linked by the antibody molecules that causes the antigens to clump together

A

agglutination

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34
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction where some antibodies react with the toxins released by pathogens, rendering the toxins harmless

A

neutralization

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35
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction where antibodies cause the cell membrane of the pathogen to break down and the pathogen is destroyed

A

lysis

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36
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction that refers to the enhancement of the phagocytosis process by covering the antigen with antibodies or with serum proteins called complements

A

opsonization

37
Q

type of antigen-antibody interaction that activates complements sequentially

A

complement fixation/complement activation

38
Q

immune response by T cells and does not involve antibody production

A

cell-mediated immune response

39
Q

immune response involving the production of antibodies by B cells

A

humoral immune response/antibody-mediated immune response

40
Q

are also produced when the activated B cell divides and differentiates. These remain in the body even after an infection is over to trigger a faster and greater immune response when the same antigen is encountered in the future.

A

memory cells

41
Q

three types of T cell

A
  • cytotoxic (killer) cells
  • Helper T cells
  • Suppressor T cells
42
Q

destroys malignant cells by binding to the cells and causing lysis of the cell membrane

A

cytotoxic (killer) T cells

43
Q

produces chemicals that activates or promote the growth and multiplication of other lymphocytes

A

helper T cells

44
Q

regulate immune response by suppressing responses of the activated T and B cells, when appropriate.

A

suppressor T cells

45
Q

the basis of a person becoming immune to a particular pathogen

A

acquired immunity

46
Q

substances synthesized and released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages

A

interleukins

47
Q

interact to control and regulate immune responses

A

interleukins

48
Q

three main types of interleukins

A
  • Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  • Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
  • Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
49
Q

released to activate helper T cells

A

interleukin-1

50
Q

released by helper T cells, and stimulates growth and differentiation of other T cells

A

interleukin-2

51
Q

also released by T cells to stimulate bone marrow stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into various types of blood cells

A

interleukin-3

52
Q

a group of protein molecules that aid lymphocytes in distinguishing self for non-self substances

A

MHC antigens

53
Q

genes in a segment of DNA that encode MHC antigens

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC)

54
Q
A
55
Q

can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, or even a portion or product of these organisms

A

antigen

56
Q

the sites of T and B cells production

A

primary lymphoid organs

57
Q

the part of an antigen that binds to the binding site of an antibody or to specific cell surface receptors on lymphocytes

A

epitope

58
Q

programmed cell death

A

apoptosis

59
Q

produces blood in our body

A

red bone marrow

60
Q

TRUE or FALSE
IgE is stronger than IgM.

A

TRUE

61
Q

a disease which the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and attacks the cells of the body

A

autoimmune disease

62
Q

an inappropriate harmful response provoked by the immune system

A

allergy

63
Q

the antigens in allergy

A

allergen

64
Q

two methods that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues such as transplanted organs in the body

A
  • the use of immunosuppressive agents
  • radiation method on lymph nodes
65
Q

can prevent rejection of transplanted organs or tissue grafts

A

immunosuppressive agents

66
Q

one of commonly used immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T cell activity

A

cyclosporine

67
Q

the method that destroys lymphocytes to prevent foreign tissue rejection by the recipient body

A

radiation

68
Q

example of radiation method that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues

A

X-rays

69
Q

the universal blood donor

A

Blood type O

70
Q

the universal blood recipient

A

Blood type AB

71
Q

the blood type that has neither antigen A nor antigen B

A

Blood type O

72
Q

the blood type that do not have any agglutinin

A

Blood type AB

73
Q

another antigen that can be found on the plasma membrane of red blood cells. If you have this type of antigen, you are said to be rhesus positive (Rh+).

A

antigen D

74
Q

characteristics of primary immune response

A
  • slow onset
  • low in magnitude
  • short-lived
  • antibody produced is IgM
75
Q

characteristics of secondary immune response

A
  • rapid onset
  • high in magnitude
  • long-lived
  • antibody produced is IgG
76
Q

the change in the class of antibody produced in the secondary immune response

A

class switching

77
Q

produced during the primary response and is long lasting

A

memory cells

78
Q

reagent used for blood typing test

A
  • blue - anti-A
  • yellow – anti-B
  • colorless – anti-D
79
Q

is a type of protein on the outside of your red blood cells

A

Rh factor (Rhesus factor)

80
Q

location of Rh factor

A

cell membrane of RBC

81
Q

the people and the year Rh factor was discovered

A

Landsteiner and Wiener (1940)

82
Q

type of antigens in Rh factor

A

approximately 49 types of antigens

83
Q

plays a significant role in determining the positivity of the Rh system

A

antigen D

84
Q

the primary antigens in determining the positivity of blood group

A

C (or c), D (or d), E (or e)

85
Q

the antigenicity order of Rh antigens

A

D > c > E > C > e

86
Q

active immunity may be __________ or _________.

A

natural
artificial

87
Q

if a person falls ill and then recovers from the disease, the immunity acquired

A

Natural active immunity

88
Q

if the immunity is acquired through vaccination

A

Artificial active immunity

89
Q

is the process of acquiring immunity against a particular disease by administering a vaccine - vaccine may contain live but weakened pathogens or it may contain dead pathogens or even only parts of the pathogen

A

Vaccination (immunization)

90
Q

protection against tuberculosis babies over the age of 3 months

A

BCG

91
Q

protection against rubella/German measles esp. important to prevent from pregnant women because it can cause birth defects

A

Rubella

92
Q

WHAT DOES MMR MEAN?

A

measles, mumps, rubella

93
Q

protection against hepatitis, esp. hepa B

A

Hepatitis

94
Q

protection against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough) – children and infants over 2 months of age

A

Triple antigen

GENERAL BIOLOGY 4TH QUARTER (3 decks)

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