IMMUNITY Flashcards
The ability of an organism to resist illness whether caused by pathogens or other non-self (foreign) substances in the body.
Immunity
foreign and harmful agents that can enter the body through the airway, the digestive tract, the genitals, and other openings.
pathogens/pathogenic agents
two defence mechanisms against pathogenic agents
innate mechanisms
adaptive mechanisms
act against any type of antigen that do not have specificity.
innate mechanisms
are components of the immune system that act against specific antigens.
adaptive mechanisms
two immune responses under adaptive mechanism
humoral immune system
cell-mediated response
a type of white blood cell that has the ability to identify foreign substances and produce antibodies to destroy them.
lymphocytes (B cells)
foreign/non-self substances that have the ability to trigger an immune response.
antigens
are protein, protein-polysaccharide conjugates or large polysaccharide molecules found on the outside of the cell membranes of pathogens.
antigens
two major classes of lymphocytes
T cells, B cells
responsible for the immune response in which antibodies are produced
B cells
destroy pathogens or toxins produced by pathogens
antibodies
antibodies are proteins called ______________.
immunoglobulins
give the four polypeptide chains that compose an antibody molecule
two identical light chains
two identical heavy chains
connect the heavy and light chains to form antigen binding sites
disulphide (S-S) bridges and covalent bonds
lock is for _________ molecule while key is for a specific ________.
antibody, antigen
explains the specificity of each antibody for a particular antigen
lock and key hypothesis
it forms dimers in which two antibody molecules are attached to each other and secreted into body fluids.
Immunoglobulin A (IgA)
present in low concentrations in the serum and functions to act as antigen receptors on mature B cells.
Immunoglobulin D (IgD)
involved in anti-parasite immunity and allergies
Immunoglobulin E (IgE)
It agglutinates antigens. It enters the fetus through the placenta and helps protect the fetus during pregnancy.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG)
it is produced when the body responds to a particular antigen for the first time
Immunoglobulin M (IgM)
Lymphoid organs are divided into __________________ and ________________________.
primary lymphoid organ, secondary lymphoid organ
the two primary lymphoid organs
bone marrow, thymus
develop in the bone marrow and differentiate to produce T cells and B cells
stem cells
multiply and mature in the bone marrow
B cells
migrates to the thymus and multiply and mature there
T cells
this is where B cells and T cells accumulates after maturation.
secondary lymphoid organs/lymph nodes
this is where B cells and T cells circulates after maturation.
bloodstream
the secondary lymphoid organs
- lymph nodes
- spleen
- tonsils
- lymphoid tissues
large numbers of these are found in the secondary lymphoid organs
lymphocytes
provide a useful environment for the encounter and interaction of lymphocytes with antigens and other cells involved in immune response.
secondary lymphoid organs
causes the swelling and inflammation of the secondary lymphoid organs during infection
immune response, accumulation of B cells and T cells -
the six different types of antigen-antibody interaction
- precipitation
- agglutination
- neutralization
- lysis
- opsonization
- complement fixation (complement activation)
type of antigen-antibody interaction where the antibody may react and link to soluble antigens to form insoluble antigen-antibody complexes which are easily “swallowed” by phagocytic cells
precipitation
type of antigen-antibody interaction where antigens are crossed-linked by the antibody molecules that causes the antigens to clump together
agglutination
type of antigen-antibody interaction where some antibodies react with the toxins released by pathogens, rendering the toxins harmless
neutralization
type of antigen-antibody interaction where antibodies cause the cell membrane of the pathogen to break down and the pathogen is destroyed
lysis
type of antigen-antibody interaction that refers to the enhancement of the phagocytosis process by covering the antigen with antibodies or with serum proteins called complements
opsonization
type of antigen-antibody interaction that activates complements sequentially
complement fixation/complement activation
immune response by T cells and does not involve antibody production
cell-mediated immune response
immune response involving the production of antibodies by B cells
humoral immune response/antibody-mediated immune response
are also produced when the activated B cell divides and differentiates. These remain in the body even after an infection is over to trigger a faster and greater immune response when the same antigen is encountered in the future.
memory cells
three types of T cell
- cytotoxic (killer) cells
- Helper T cells
- Suppressor T cells
destroys malignant cells by binding to the cells and causing lysis of the cell membrane
cytotoxic (killer) T cells
produces chemicals that activates or promote the growth and multiplication of other lymphocytes
helper T cells
regulate immune response by suppressing responses of the activated T and B cells, when appropriate.
suppressor T cells
the basis of a person becoming immune to a particular pathogen
acquired immunity
substances synthesized and released by lymphocytes, monocytes, and macrophages
interleukins
interact to control and regulate immune responses
interleukins
three main types of interleukins
- Interleukin-1 (IL-1)
- Interleukin-2 (IL-2)
- Interleukin-3 (IL-3)
released to activate helper T cells
interleukin-1
released by helper T cells, and stimulates growth and differentiation of other T cells
interleukin-2
also released by T cells to stimulate bone marrow stem cells to proliferate and differentiate into various types of blood cells
interleukin-3
a group of protein molecules that aid lymphocytes in distinguishing self for non-self substances
MHC antigens
genes in a segment of DNA that encode MHC antigens
major histocompatibility complex (MHC)
can be a virus, bacterium, fungus, parasite, or even a portion or product of these organisms
antigen
the sites of T and B cells production
primary lymphoid organs
the part of an antigen that binds to the binding site of an antibody or to specific cell surface receptors on lymphocytes
epitope
programmed cell death
apoptosis
produces blood in our body
red bone marrow
TRUE or FALSE
IgE is stronger than IgM.
TRUE
a disease which the immune system wrongly identify self as non-self and attacks the cells of the body
autoimmune disease
an inappropriate harmful response provoked by the immune system
allergy
the antigens in allergy
allergen
two methods that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues such as transplanted organs in the body
- the use of immunosuppressive agents
- radiation method on lymph nodes
can prevent rejection of transplanted organs or tissue grafts
immunosuppressive agents
one of commonly used immunosuppressive agent that inhibits T cell activity
cyclosporine
the method that destroys lymphocytes to prevent foreign tissue rejection by the recipient body
radiation
example of radiation method that prevent the rejection of foreign tissues
X-rays
the universal blood donor
Blood type O
the universal blood recipient
Blood type AB
the blood type that has neither antigen A nor antigen B
Blood type O
the blood type that do not have any agglutinin
Blood type AB
another antigen that can be found on the plasma membrane of red blood cells. If you have this type of antigen, you are said to be rhesus positive (Rh+).
antigen D
characteristics of primary immune response
- slow onset
- low in magnitude
- short-lived
- antibody produced is IgM
characteristics of secondary immune response
- rapid onset
- high in magnitude
- long-lived
- antibody produced is IgG
the change in the class of antibody produced in the secondary immune response
class switching
produced during the primary response and is long lasting
memory cells
reagent used for blood typing test
- blue - anti-A
- yellow – anti-B
- colorless – anti-D
is a type of protein on the outside of your red blood cells
Rh factor (Rhesus factor)
location of Rh factor
cell membrane of RBC
the people and the year Rh factor was discovered
Landsteiner and Wiener (1940)
type of antigens in Rh factor
approximately 49 types of antigens
plays a significant role in determining the positivity of the Rh system
antigen D
the primary antigens in determining the positivity of blood group
C (or c), D (or d), E (or e)
the antigenicity order of Rh antigens
D > c > E > C > e
active immunity may be __________ or _________.
natural
artificial
if a person falls ill and then recovers from the disease, the immunity acquired
Natural active immunity
if the immunity is acquired through vaccination
Artificial active immunity
is the process of acquiring immunity against a particular disease by administering a vaccine - vaccine may contain live but weakened pathogens or it may contain dead pathogens or even only parts of the pathogen
Vaccination (immunization)
protection against tuberculosis babies over the age of 3 months
BCG
protection against rubella/German measles esp. important to prevent from pregnant women because it can cause birth defects
Rubella
WHAT DOES MMR MEAN?
measles, mumps, rubella
protection against hepatitis, esp. hepa B
Hepatitis
protection against diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (whooping cough) – children and infants over 2 months of age
Triple antigen
