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GENERAL BIOLOGY 4TH QUARTER > CENTRAL DOGMA > Flashcards

CENTRAL DOGMA Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Complex molecules containing elements of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus and nitrogen

A

Nucleic Acid

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2
Q

building blocks of nucleic acid

A

Nucleotide

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3
Q

units of nucleotides arranged and linked to form a long polymer

A

Polynucleotide

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4
Q

the components of the structure of nucleotide

A

-a pentose sugar
-a phosphate group
-a nitrogenous group (Purine & Pyrimidine)

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5
Q

When a nucleotide forms, all the three components are linked together though condensation reactions. How many molecules of water is/are removed during this process?

A

two

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6
Q

two major nucleic acids

A

DNA
RNA

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7
Q

In RNA, the pentose sugar is _________.

A

ribose

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8
Q

In DNA, the pentose sugar is deoxyribose. What does deoxyribose mean?

A

does not contain oxygen at Carbon 2

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9
Q

Each nucleotide contains one of the five types of nitrogenous bases: double-ringed purine and single ringed pyrimidine. Enumerate the five types of nitrogenous bases.

A

Purine bases;
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)

Pyrimidine bases:
Thymine (T)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

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10
Q

what gives an acidic property to the nucleic acids?

A

phosphate group

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11
Q
  • double-stranded
  • phosphate, sugar and
    nitrogenous bases (purine
    and pyrimidine)
  • Sugar-phosphate
    backbone (antiparallel
    strands)
  • 5’ (5prime) to 3’ (3 prime)
A

DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid)

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12
Q
  • Single-stranded
  • Uracil replaces
    thymine
A

RNA (Ribonucleic acid)

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13
Q

Who discovered the DNA model structure?

A

Watson and Crick in 1953

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14
Q

Who discovered the RNA model structure?

A

Friedrich Miescher in 1868

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15
Q

Two nucleotides are joined from the process of ___________. Conversely, the dinucleotide can be broken down through the process of ___________.

A

condensation, hydrolysis

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16
Q

refers to the bond that is formed between the pentose sugar from the first nucleotide and the phosphate group from the next nucleotide is covalent

A

phosphodiester bonds

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17
Q

the two strands in DNA are __________, that means their orientations are in opposite directions.

A

anti-parallel

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18
Q

three types of RNA

A

ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
messenger RNA (mRNA)
transfer RNA (tRNA)

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19
Q

– contained in the
ribosomes where all proteins are
made

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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20
Q

contains the
instructions for the
production of
proteins, provides blueprint for all the proteins to be made by ribosomes

A

messenger RNA (mRNA)

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21
Q

like a truck that delivers the amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

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22
Q

Transcribes and regulates
the genetic information

A

RNA

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23
Q

Contains genetic
information

A

DNA

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24
Q

locations of DNA in the cell

A

nucleus

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25
Q

location of RNA in the cell

A

nucleolus

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26
Q

reads the triplet code on the mRNA, picks up specific amino acid, brings it to the ribosome and transfers it to the new protein

A

transfer RNA (tRNA)

27
Q

DNA is copied up to make a replica of the original.

A

DNA replication

28
Q

enzyme that unzips the coiled DNA strand which results into the formation of a replication fork

A

DNA helicase

29
Q

three dna models of replication

A

conservative
semi-conservative
dispersive

30
Q
  • a type of RNA polymerase that generates RNA
    primers.
A

DNA primase

31
Q

synthesize new DNA molecules by adding
nucleotides to leading and lagging DNA strands.

A

DNA polymerase

32
Q

leading strand is from __ to ___.

A

5’ to 3’

33
Q

synthesized continuously in the 5’ to 3’ directions towards the replication fork

A

leading strand

34
Q

synthesized discontinuously in the 5’ to 3’ direction in the opposite direction to the movement of replication fork

A

lagging strand

35
Q

a short length of DNA or the fragment produced in the lagging strand

A

okazaki fragment

36
Q

unwinds and rewinds DNA strands to prevent the DNA from becoming tangled or supercoiled.

A

Topoisomerase or DNA Gyrase

37
Q

group of enzymes that remove nucleotide bases (primers) from the end of a DNA chain.

A

Exonucleases

38
Q
  • joins DNA fragments together by forming
    phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides.
A

DNA ligase

39
Q

two parental DNA strands separate and each of these strands then serves as a template
for the synthesis of a new DNA strand

A

Semi-conservative Model

40
Q

whole original double helix acts as a template for the synthesis of the new one

A

Conservative Model

41
Q
  • parental double helix is broken into double-stranded DNA segments that act as
    templates to synthesize new segment
A

Dispersive Model

42
Q

proved that replications of DNA is semi-conservative

A

meselson and stahl (1957)

43
Q

what bacterium did meselson and stahl used in ther study?

A

e. coli

44
Q

DNA REPLICATION Steps

A

*Unwinding
*Polymerization
*Termination

45
Q

is the process of
creating a complementary RNA copy of a sequence of DNA.
(DNA to mRNA)

A

Transcription

46
Q

Transcription Steps

A

*Initiation
*Elongation
*Termination

47
Q

It occurs when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a
region of a gene called the promoter (TATA sequence).

A

Initiation

48
Q

is the addition of nucleotides to the mRNA strand.

A

Elongation

49
Q

is the ending of transcription, and occurs
when RNA polymerase crosses a stop (termination)
sequence in the gene.

A

Termination

50
Q

functions as a recognition site for RNA polymerase to bind

A

promoter region

51
Q

regions that encode for a protein in a mRNA strand

A

exons

52
Q

non-coding sections of a mRNA

A

introns

53
Q

These are short RNA molecules that act as templates for the starting point of DNA.

A

primers

54
Q

introns are removed from the pre-mRNA to form a mature mRNA molecule with continuous coding sequence. The process is made possible by a complex made up of proteins and RNA called __________________.

A

spliceosome

55
Q

the four nucleotide bases in DNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Thymine

56
Q

the four nucleotide bases in RNA

A

Adenine
Guanine
Cytosine
Uracil

57
Q

How many different amino acids make up proteins?

A

20 different amino acids

58
Q

each triplet code on the DNA template or mRNA strand is known as _____.

A

codon

59
Q

the genetic code includes ___ codons.

A

64 codons

60
Q

four special codons

A

start codon
AUG

stop codon
UGA
UAG
UAA

61
Q

the three distinct regions in the large ribosomal subunit

A

E site
P site
A site

62
Q

purpose of translation

A

forms polypeptide, protein synthesis

63
Q
A

GENERAL BIOLOGY 4TH QUARTER (3 decks)

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