Immunity

Question 1

Communicable disease

Answer 1

One that can be passed from one organism to another

Question 2

Non-communicable disease

Answer 2

One that is not passed from one organism to another

Question 3

Health

Answer 3

Being free from communicable and non-communicable disease

Question 4

What the NHS spends money on

Answer 4

• salary doctors, nurses and other staff
• upkeep of hospitals
• drugs and medicines used to treat patients

Question 5

What causes communicable disease

Answer 5

Very small living organisms - microorganisms or microbes

Question 6

Why is health important

Answer 6

• important to society because :
• unhealthy people cannot work
• unhealthy people need care

Question 7

What does the NHS spend billions of pounds on each year?

Answer 7

• Keeping people healthy as possible
• treating and looking after the ill

Question 8

What does the NHS spend money on?

Answer 8

• salaries of doctors, nurses and other staff 👩‍⚕️ 🧑‍⚕️ 🧹
• upkeep of hospitals 🏥 🧹
• drugs and medicines used to treat people 💊

Question 9

Microorganism

Answer 9

Very small living organisms

Question 10

Three main types of microbes which cause infection

Answer 10

• bacteria
• viruses
• fungi

Question 11

microorganisms which cause disease

Answer 11

Pathogens

Question 12

Communicable disease

Answer 12

One which can be passed from one organism (person) to another

Question 13

Non-communicable disease

Answer 13

One that is not passed from one organism to another

Question 14

Health

Answer 14

Being free from communicable and non-communicable disease

Question 15

droplet infection

Answer 15

• airborne
• Spray of moisture and particles spreading through air when sneeze or cough

Question 16

The skin as a body defence

Answer 16

Acts as excellent barrier to micro organisms

Question 17

Mucus membranes as bodily defence

Answer 17

• Openings in body such as nose 👃 and respiratory system 🫁 protected by mucous membranes
• trap microorganisms and prevent them going any further
• membranes covered in ciliated epithelium cells

Question 18

Blood clotting as bodily defence

Answer 18

• clot prevents more blood escaping
• also acts as barrier against infection

Question 19

Purpose of body defences

Answer 19

• try to prevent microorganisms getting into body

Question 20

What happens if microorganisms enter the body?

Answer 20

Usually combatted by the blood system

Question 21

Antigen

Answer 21

Chemicals on surface of invading microorganisms that the body can recognise as being foreign

Question 22

What do antigens cause the body to do?

Answer 22

Cause special white blood cells called lymphocytes to produce antibodies

Question 23

Antibodies

Answer 23

• complementary shape to antigens on microbes
• join w/ antigens (jigsaw)
• cause them to clump together
• once clumped easily engulfed and digested by phagocytes

Question 24

Pathogen

Answer 24

• Bacteria
• viruses
• fungi

Question 25

Phagocyte

Answer 25

- type of white blood cell - move around in blood - EITHER destroy microorganisms 🦠 trapped by antibodies - OR destroy directly without antibody action

Question 26

PHAGOCYTOSIS

Answer 26

- phagocytes **surround** microorganisms and **engulf** them - eventually **enzymes** inside phagocyte **digest microorganisms** and **destroy** it

Question 27

Primary response

Answer 27

Infected individual is ill for a few days before antibody numbers are high enough to provide immunity

Question 28

What is a typical response to being infected by a bacterium or virus?

Answer 28

Antigen/ antibody reaction

Question 29

Memory lymphocytes

Answer 29

- made once body is infected w/ disease - Produce antibodies if infection by same type of microorganism happens again - ⬆️ fast 🏃‍♀️💨 - prevent individual catching same disease again

Question 30

Secondary response

Answer 30

- memory lymphocytes produce antibodies if infection by same type of microorganism happens again - ⬆️ fast 🏃‍♀️💨 - prevent individual catching same disease again - much higher level of antibodies

Question 31

What occurs during secondary response?

Answer 31

- We are often unaware - no symptoms 🚫🤒 - rapid antibody production

Question 32

Immunity

Answer 32

- Protected against particular infection / disease - antibody levels high enough to combat microorganism

Question 33

Two types of immunity

Answer 33

- active - passife

Question 34

Active immunity

Answer 34

- slow increase in antibodies (during primary response) - antibody levels remain high for a long time due to memory lymphocytes

Question 35

Passive immunity

Answer 35

- RAPID increase in antibodies into the blood - antibody levels fall quickly (as no memory lymphocytes present)

Question 36

Sources of passive immunity

Answer 36

- pharm. comps - injected into body 💉 - breast milk 🥛 - across placenta ➡️ baby 👶

Question 37

Active immunity

Answer 37

ACTIVE : body produces antibodies in to response to infection (Body is ACTIVELY making then)

Question 38

Passive immunity

Answer 38

Antibodies injected into body or from mother to baby in placenta/ breast milk (The person is being “passed” them)