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Adults Exam 4 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Immunity

A

body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism

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2
Q

Immune system function (2)

A
  1. Body’s defense mechanism (Physical injury & Infection)
    2.Maintains homeostasis (Equilibrium of internal environment &
    surveillance)
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3
Q

list factors that affect the immune system (5)

A
  1. genetics (some patients are born w antibodies missing)
  2. general physical condition (Comorbidities, risk for infection)
  3. Medications (stim / suppress)
  4. Dietary patterns (lack of nutrients for healthy cells)
  5. Stress
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4
Q

disorders of the immune system can result from… (6)

A
  1. genetics
  2. acquired
  3. excess or deficiencies of immunocompetent cells
  4. alteration in function of cells
  5. immunologic attack on self-antigens
  6. inappropriate / exaggerated responses
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5
Q

list a few example disorders of the immune system (3)

A
  1. autoimmune diseases
  2. hypersensitivity (allergic reaction)
  3. infections
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6
Q

the bone marrow produces ____ & contains 2 types of ____ called ____ & _____

A

WBCs, lymphocytes, B cells & T cells

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7
Q

B cells vs. T cells

A

B cells: humoral immunity; antibody production
T cells: cellular immunity; several types

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8
Q

lymphoid tissue contains the _____ & ______

A

spleen & lymph nodes

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9
Q

spleen
- function
- contains high concentration of ____

A
  • filters out old & injured RBCs
  • high concentration of lymphocytes
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10
Q

lymph nodes
- location
- function

A
  • all over the body, connected by lymph channels & capillaries
  • remove foreign material before it enters the blood stream
  • center for immune cell proliferation
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11
Q

natural (innate) vs acquired (adaptive) immunity

A

natural (innate):
- nonspecific
- present at birth
- *defense agonist & resistance to infection
- inflammatory response
- physical / chemical barriers (skin, gastric acid in stomach, MHC)
- immune regulation

Acquired (adaptive):
- specific
- after birth
- “learned” through exposure or vaccinations (contracted disease, vaccinations)

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12
Q

list & describe the two types of acquired / adaptive immunity

A

active: defense’s developed by person’s own body (lasts long time); patient actively had illness & body creates own antibodies

passive: temporary loan from source outside of body (Antibody infusions)

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13
Q

list & briefly describe the three types of defense

A
  1. phagocytic immune response: PAC MAN gobbles invaders!! (WBCs ingest & destroy foreign particles)
  2. Humoral or antibody immune response (B cells respond w antibodies; memory cells!)
  3. Cellular immune response (T cells attack foreign particles)
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14
Q

describe phagocytic immune response (3)

A
  • first line
  • WBCs ingest & destroy foreign particles
  • macrophages & -phils!
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15
Q

describe Humoral immunity (B cells)

A
  • recognition of antigen
  • immunoglobulins (built in antibodies)
  • production of antibodies
  • circulates in peripheral blood
  • antigen-antibody binding
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16
Q

list example responses of humoral immunity (4)

A
  1. anaphylaxis
  2. allergic hay fever & asthma
  3. immune complex disease
  4. bacterial & some viral infections
17
Q

list the 5 humoral immunity antibodies & their percentages

A

IgG (75%), IgA (15%), IgM (10%), IgE (<1%), & IgD (<1%)

18
Q

Describe IgG

A

*most prevalent!!
- blood & tissue infections
- activates complement system (calls immune system to fight the problem)
- enhances phagocytosis
- crosses the placenta
- often seen in immune deficiency

19
Q

describe IgA
- where is it found?
- what does it prevent?

A
  • found in breast milk, saliva, tears, colostrum, & bronchial / intestinal secretions
  • prevents adherence of microorganisms to mucosal epithelium
20
Q

describe IgM
- where is it mostly found?
- when is it first produced?

A
  • mostly in intravascular systems
  • first produced in response to bacterial or viral infections
  • blood group compatibility
21
Q

describe IgE
- who is it often found in?
- how does it work?

A
  • found in people w atopic allergies / infected w parasitic worms
  • antigen triggers release of histamine & initiates the cascade
22
Q

describe IgD
- what does it activate & signal?

A

Possibly activates basophils & mast cells, signals B cells to be activated

23
Q

describe cell-mediated immunity (T cells)
- cells mature in the ____
- does NOT produce ____
- major role?

A
  • mature in thymus
  • circulates in peripheral blood
  • does NOT produce antibodies
  • major role: surveillance
24
Q

list & briefly describe examples of responses of cell-mediated immunity (4)

A
  1. transplant rejection
  2. delayed hypersensitivity (TB reaction) - EX: type 4 allergic reaction when patients get exposed & have a delayed reaction (poison ivy)
  3. Graft versus host disease - foreign object placed in body & body tries to attack it
  4. tumor surveillance - recognition or destruction
25
Q

list the effector T cells (3)

A
  1. Helper T cells (CD4)
  2. Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
  3. Natural Killer cells
26
Q

Helper T cells (CD4)
- describe roles

A
  • Facilitate action of other types of T & B cells (Sends out signals!!)
  • Stimulate immune system
  • Releases cytokines (chemicals that call for help)
27
Q

Cytotoxic T cells (CD8)
- describe roles

A
  • Directly attack antigen & destroy it
  • Causes lysis
  • Releases cytokines
28
Q

natural killer cells
- describe roles

A
  • Destroy infected & stressed cells
  • Secrete macrophage cytokine
29
Q

cytokines
- role
- what are they produced by?
- list the 4 functions

A
  • mediate interactions between cells
  • produced by lymphocytes (signals for WBCs)
  • 4 functions: enhancement of phagocyte activity, regulate lymphocyte production & function, inflammatory response, systemic effects (fever, bone marrow stimulation)
30
Q

list the 5 types of cytokines

A
  1. interleukins
  2. colony-stimulating factors
  3. interferons
  4. tumor necrosis factor - TNF
  5. monoclonal antibodies (MABs)
31
Q

describe interleukins
- function

A

active inflammation, induces fever, activates T, B, & NK cells

32
Q

describe colony-stimulating factors

A

Cytokines that regulate production, differentiation, survival, & activation of hematopoietic cells

33
Q

describe interferons & when they are active

A
  • Antiviral & antitumor properties
  • Active when body gets infected w a virus or tumor!
34
Q

describe tumor necrosis factor (TNF)
- what does it induce?
- growth factor for ____
- necrotizes ____

A
  • Induces endotoxic shock
  • Growth factor for fibroblasts
  • Necrotizes tumor cells
35
Q

monoclonal antibodies - MABs
- describe
- what do they stimulate?

A

Made in lab to stimulate immune system

36
Q

which gender has an increased risk for immune disorders?

A

women

37
Q

an immune system is considered ____ if a patient has a lot of allergies

A

overactive

38
Q

describe psychoneuroimmunologic factors

A

guided imagery used esp in cancer patients (helps immune system to heal)

39
Q

list treatments that alter immune response (4)

A
  1. surgery
  2. radiation
  3. drug therapy (chemotherapy, immunosuppression - transplants, anti-inflammatory)
  4. immunotherapy - biologic response modifiers (growth factors, interleukins, interferons)

Adults Exam 4 (5 decks)

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