Immunisations Flashcards
Why should children be immunised?
induction of active immunity
herd immunity => pathogen elimination
What are the different types of vaccines?
Live attenuated = antigenic but not pathogenic e.g. MMR
Inactivated = no pathogenic capacity e.g. influenza, diptheria, pertussis, HBV, meningococcus, pneumococcus, haemophilus
(may contain adjuncts e.g. aluminium hydroxide/phosphate)
toxoid = toxin antigens = without the toxic effects e.g. tetanus
What vaccinations are given at 2 months?
6 in 1: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hep b
PCV
rotavirus (oral)
men B
What vaccinations are given at 3 months?
6 in 1: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hep b
rotavirus (oral)
What vaccinations are given at 4 months?
6 in 1: diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Hib, hep b
PCV
men B
What vaccinations are given at 12 months?
Hib Men C MMR PCV (booster) MenB (booster)
What vaccinations are given at 2 years?
influenza
What vaccinations are given at 3 years?
influenza
DTaP/IPV = 4 in 1: diphtheria, tetanus, polio, pertussis
MMR
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of measles and what are the complications?
viral illness
cold-like symptoms
red eyes and sensitivity to light
high temperature (fever)
greyish white spots in the mouth and throat
after a few days, a red brown spotty rash will appear
Complications:
- pneumonia
- encephalitis
- death
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of mumps and what are the complications?
viral self-limiting illness painful swelling of parotids headache joint pains fever
complications:
- meningitis
- swelling of testicles/ovaries
- encephalitis
- pancreatitis
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of rubella and what are the complications?
viral infection red pink rash swollen glands fever cold symptoms aching and painful joints
pregnancy complications congenital rubella syndrome cataracts deafness heart abnormalities brain damage
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of diphtheria and what are the complications?
bacterial infection fever sore throat inflammation of the lungs grey white membrane in throat
complications:
- myocarditis
- nervous system effects - peripheral neuropathy
- paralysis of the diaphragm
- neurogenic bladder
- severe bleeding problems
- kidney failure
- respiratory failure
What are the signs/symptoms of tetanus?
bacterial infection causing prolonged contraction of skeletal muscle fibres
flesh wound contaminated
muscle stiffness and spasm of the jaw
dysphagia
What are the signs/symptoms of whooping cough?
bacterial - lungs and airways (highly contagious) - cough - runny nose - fever - vomiting vaccinate pregnant women 28-38 weeks
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of polio and what are the complications?
virus fever headache vomiting and diarrhoea neck stiffness pains in the limbs
complications:
- muscle weakness
- legs, head, neck, diaphragm
- post polio syndrome
What are the complications of haemophilus influenzae b infection?
bacterial infection
- meningitis
- septicaemia
- pneumonia
- pericarditis
- epiglottis
- septic arthritis
- cellulitis
- osteomyelitis
What are the characteristic signs/symptoms of pneumococcal disease and what are the complications?
bacterial infection - fever - aches and pains - headache complications: - bronchitis - otitis media - sinusitis - bacteraemia - septicaemia - osteomyelitis - septic arthritis - pneumonia - meningitis - under 2 years/>65 / weakened immune system
What does rotavirus cause and what are the complications?
gastroenteritis
complication= dehydration
What are the risks associated with meningococcal C infection?
bacterial infection
- meningitis
- septicaemia
What are the signs/symptoms of hep b infection?
tiredness myalgia pyrexia 38 or above general sense of feeling unwell loss of appetite nausea diarrhoea abdominal pain jaundice dark urine and pale faeces
What are the additional vaccines that can be given?
influenza vaccine - given annually until 9 yrs
DTaP, MenACWY = 13-18 yrs
HPV - 2 doses =12-13 yrs girls and boys aged 12-13 eligible 2019/20 yr
BCG - high incidence area or 1st/2nd degree relative from high incidence country
chicken pox - children who are susceptible and in contact of immunocompromised (should be given same day as MMR, otherwise you have to wait 4 weeks
What are the normal side effects of vaccinations?
pain, erythema, local oedema, mild fever = all common and normal
before having men B = advised to have 2 doses of paracetamol due to high incidence of fever
What are the rare complications of immunisations?
anaphylaxis
egg allergy
When should you delay vaccinations?
pyrexia
worsening neuro (e.g. epilepsy)
febrile convulsions <72 hours ago
What systemic adverse reactions are common?
fever, malaise, myalgia, irritability, headache and loss of appetite
timing of the reaction can vary depending on the vaccination
e.g. tetanus - fever a few hours later where measles it can occur 7-10 days later
