Immunisation part 1 Flashcards
Revise the passive and adaptive immune systems
Do it.
What are the different types of immunity ?
Define what is meant by vaccination
Treatment with a vaccine to produce immunity against a disease
Define what is meant by immunisation
The action of making a person or animal immune to infection, typically by inoculation(vaccination).
What type of immunity increases in strength and effectiveness with each exposure ?
Adaptive immunity
Describe the different passive types of immunity
Can be natural e.g. transplacental transfer where IgG is passed from mother to foetus or it can be Acquisition by an infant of IgA from mothers colostrum and breastmilk.
Can also be achieved by injection of preformed antibodies from another individual – Artificial human IgG
What is a live attenuated vaccine ?
A vaccine that contains a living version of the virus but it has been weakened
What is an inactivated vaccine ?
A vaccine consisting of virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens that have been killed
What is a toxoid vaccine ?
A vaccine made from a toxin (poison) that has been made harmless but that elicits an immune response against the toxin.
What is a subunit vaccine ?
- A subunit vaccine presents an antigen to the immune system without introducing viral particles, whole or otherwise.
- One method of production involves isolation of a specific protein from a virus and administering this by itself.
What is a conjugate vaccine ?
A conjugate vaccine is created by covalently attaching a poor antigen to a strong antigen thereby eliciting a stronger immunological response to the poor antigen.
What are some of the diseases which are vaccinated against using a live attenuated vaccine ?
Meseales, Mumps, Rubella, Poliomyelitis
What are some of the diseases vaccinated against using an inactivated vaccine ?
Pertussis (whooping cough) (example of a sub-unit vaccine), whole cell typhoid
What are some of the types of diseases vaccinated against using component of organisms vaccines (i.e. toxoid,etc)?
Diphtheria and tetanus - toxoid
Influenza, pneumonococcal
What is the reason for vaccines requiring more than one dose ?
Because it takes more than one dose for everyone to develop immunity
Describe the idea of herd immunity
The indirect protection from infection of susceptible members of population, and the protection of the population as whole, which is brought about by the presence of immune individuals.
When is the MMR (measles, mumps and rubella) vaccinations usually given ?
2 vaccinations
- First - roughly 12-13 months
- Second - roughly 3-4 years old
What is an adjuvant ?
It is a substance added to a vaccine to increase the immune response or its immunogenicity
What is diphtheria and what is it caused by ?
A very contagious URTI which is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What are the typical signs and symptoms of diphtheria and how is it diagnosed?
- Thick grey-white coating at the back of the throat
- High temp (fever) 38 or greater
- Sore throat
- Breathing difficulties
Testing for diphtheria involves taking a sample of cells from the nose to test for the diphtheria bacteria
What are some of the conditions caused by haemophilus infulenza type B ?
- Meningitis& Septicaemia
- Epiglottitis
What is TB and what causes it ?
- A bacterial infection that primarily attacks the lungs but can attack other organs and tissues
- Caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
What is the vaccination used to prevent TB ?
BCG
What is the problem with the BCG vaccination for TB?
Not-cost effective
