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Infection > Immunisation and prophylaxis > Flashcards

Immunisation and prophylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different types of vaccine?

A

Live attenuated
Inactivated (killed)
Detoxified exotoxin
Subunit of micro-organism (purified microbial products or recombinant)

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2
Q

What are examples of live attenuated vaccines?

A 
MMR
BCG
VZV
Yellow fever
Smallpox
Typhoid
Polio
Rotavirus
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3
Q

What are examples of inactivated (killed) vaccines?

A 
Polio
Hep A
Cholera
Rabies
Japanese encephalitis
Tick-bourne encephalitis
Influenza
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4
Q

What are examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines?

A

Diphtheria

Tetanus

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5
Q

How are detoxified exotoxin vaccines made?

A

Treat toxin with formalin = toxoid

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6
Q

What are examples of subunit vaccines?

A 
Pertussis
Haemophilus influenzae type B
Meningococcus (group C)
Pneumococcus
Typhoid
Anthrax
Hep B
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7
Q

What is a recombinant vaccine example?

A

Hep B

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8
Q

What is the 6 in 1 vaccine?

A 
Infanrix hexa
D = diphtheria
T = tetanus
aP = Bordetella pertussis
IPV = inactivated polio virus
Hib = Haemophilus influenzae b
HBV = hep B
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9
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 2 months?

A
  • 6-in-1 vaccine
  • Pneumococcal conjugate
  • Rotavirus
  • Men B
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10
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 3 months?

A
  • 6-in-1 vaccine

- Rotavirus

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11
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 4 months?

A
  • 6-in-1 vaccine
  • Pneumoccocal conjugate
  • Men B
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12
Q

How many doses of the 6-in-1 vaccine are given?

A

3

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13
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 1 year?

A
  • Hib/Men C
  • MMR
  • Pneumococcal conjugate
  • Men B
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14
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 2-8yrs?

A
  • Influenza nasal
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15
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 3-5yrs?

A
  • 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV)

- MMR

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16
Q

What immunisations do girls typically get at 12-13yrs?

A

HPV

17
Q

What immunisations do children typically get at 14yrs?

A
  • 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV)

- Men ACWY

18
Q

How much coverage does herd immunity typically get?

A

90-95%

19
Q

What vaccines are specifically given to special patient and occupational groups?

A 
BCG
Flu
Pneumococcal
Hep B
VZV
HSV (shingles)
20
Q

Who is given BCG vaccine?

A
  • Infants in areas of UK with high annual incidence
  • Infants with parents/grandparents born in country with high annual incidence of TB
  • Children screened at school for risk factors
  • New immigrants
  • Contact with resp TB patients
  • Healthcare workers
21
Q

Who should you not give an influenza vaccine to?

A

Egg allergies

22
Q

What are the indications for flu vaccine?

A 
>65yrs
Nursing home residents
Some health care workers
Immunodeficiency
Immunosuppression
Asplenia/hyposplenism
Chronic liver/renal/cardiac/lung disease
DM
Pregnant women
Coeliac disease
23
Q

What are the 2 different pneumococcal vaccines?

A
  • Pneuomococcal conjugate polysaccharide vaccine = childhood immunisation
  • Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine = those at increased risk of pneumococcal infection
24
Q

Who receives the hep B vaccination?

A
  • All new born children from 2018 (6-in-1)
  • Children at high risk exposure to HBV
  • Health care workers, IVDU, MSM, prisoners
25
Q

Who receives the VZV (chickenpox) vaccine?

A
  • Patients with suppressed immune systems
  • Children if risk severe VZV
  • Health care workers
26
Q

Who receives the shingles vaccine?

A

All elderly patients 70+

27
Q

What does human normal immunoglobulin contain?

A

Antibodies against hep A, rubella, measles

28
Q

When is human normal immunoglobulin used?

A

Immunoglobulin deficiencies

Treatment of some autoimmune disorders

29
Q

When is disease specific immunoglobulin used?

A

Post-exposure to disease e.g. hep B, rabies, tetanus anti-toxin

30
Q

What is the risk assessment for travel immunisation/prophylaxis?

A 
Health of traveller
Previous immunisations/prophylaxis
Area visited
Duration visit
Accommodation
Activities
Remote areas
Recent outbreaks
31
Q

What are general measures to advice for travel?

A 
Care with food/water
Hand washing
Sunburn/stroke
Altitude
RTAs
Safe sex
Mosquitoes
32
Q

What are common immunisations for travellers?

A 
Tetanus
Polio
Typhoid
Hep A
Yellow fever
Cholera
33
Q

What are less common immunisations for travellers?

A 
Meningococcus A, C, W, Y
Rabies
Diphtheria
Japanese B encephalitis
Tick borne encephalitis
34
Q

What are some travel prophylaxis?

A

Chemoprophylaxis against malaria
Post-exposure prophylaxis e.g. ciprofloxacin for meningococcal disease
HIV post-exposure prophylaxis
Surgical antibiotic prophylaxis

35
Q

What is the ABCD of malaria prevention?

A

Awareness of risk
Bite prevention
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment

36
Q

What is the bite awareness for malaria prevention?

A 
Cover-up dusk and dawn
Insect repellent
Mosquito coils
Permethrin-impregnated mosquito nets
Chemoprophylaxis against malaria
37
Q

What are the chemoprophylaxis options against malaria?

A

Malarone daily
Doxyclcine daily
Mefloquine weekly
Chloroquine weekly + proquanil daily

38
Q

What are the side effects of mefloquine?

A

Psychosis

Nightmares

39
Q

What is malaria advice to travellers on return?

A

Any illness occurring within 1yr (esp. 3mo) might be malaria

Infection (13 decks)

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