Immunisation and Prophylaxis Flashcards
What are the main types of vaccines?
Live attenuated
Inactivated
Detoxified exotoxin
Subunit of microorganism
What are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?
MMR BCG Varicella-zoster virus Yellow fever Smallpox Typhoid Polio Rotavirus
What are some examples of inactivated vaccines?
Polio Hepatitis A Cholera Rabies Japanese encephalitis Tick-borne encephalitis Influenza
What are some examples of detoxified exotoxin vaccines?
Diphtheria
Tetanus
What are some common examples of subunit vaccines?
Haemophilus influenza type B Meningococcus type C Pneumococcus Typhoid Anthrax Hepatitis B
What is included in the 6-in-1 vaccine?
Purified diphtheria toxoid Purified tetanus toxoid Purified Bordetella pertussis Inactivated polio virus Purified component of Haemophilus influenzae b Hepatitis B rDNA
Describe the UK immunisation schedule
2 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + rotavirus + Men B
3 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + rotavirus
4 months: 6-in-1 vaccine + pneumococcal conjugate + Men B
1 year: Hib/Men C+ MMR + pneumococcal conjugate + men B
2 -8 years: influenza nasal
3 - 5 years: 4-in-1 booster (DTaP/IPV) + MMR
Girls, 12-13 yrs: Human papilloma virus
14 years: 3-in-1 booster (dT/IPV) + Men ACWY
How is herd immunity achieved?
90-95% of the population must be immunised
To what populations is the BCG vaccine given?
Some infants (if born in high incidence area or parents/grandparents born in country with high incidence)
Children screened for TB risk factors, tested and vaccinated appropriately
New immigrants from high prevalence countries
Contacts of TB patients
Healthcare workers
What are the indications for the influeza vaccine?
Age >65 years Nursing home residents Immunodeficiency Asplenia/hyposplenism Chronic liver disease Chronic renal disease Chronic cardiac disease Chronic lung disease Diabetes mellitus Coeliac disease Pregnant women Heath care workers
What are the indications for the pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine?
Immunodeficiency Immunosuppression Asplenia/hyposplenism Sickle cell disease Chronic liver disease Chronic renal disease Chronic cardiac disease Chronic lung disease Diabetes mellitus Coeliac disease
When is the varicella-zoster virus vaccination given?
Patients with supressed immune systems
Children in contact with severe VZV
Sero-negative healthcare workers
What general measures can be advised upon for prophylaxis for travellers?
Care with food/water Hand washing Sunburn / Sunstroke Altitude Road traffic accidents Safer sex Mosquitoes - bed nets, sprays, “cover up”
How is malaria prevented?
Awareness of risk (higher incidences in Africa and parts of southern America and Asia)
Bite prevention (Cover-up at night, insect repellent sprays, mosquito coils/nets)
Chemoprophylaxis
Diagnosis and treatment
How can chemoprophylaxis be given for malaria?
Malarone
Doxycycline (not for children <12, can cause photosensitivity)
Mefloquine (side effects of psychosis and nightmares, avoid if history of psychosis or epilepsy)
Chloroquine and proquanil
