Immunisation

Question 1

What are the three immunological mechanisms?

Answer 1

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity

Question 2

Define passive immunity

Answer 2

Transfer or pre-formed antibodies i.e. mother to baby via placenta, or person to person from blood donors

Short terms
E.g. Hep B, Rabies, Varicella Zoster human Ig.

Question 3

Define active immunity

Answer 3

Formation of own immunity due to natural infection or artificial immunisation

Question 4

Define Herd immunity

Answer 4

Protection of unvaccinated individuals through having a sufficiently large proportion of the population vaccinated, as prevents transmission

Question 5

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 5

Bone marrow

Question 6

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 6

Thymus

Question 7

Which cell type produced antibodies?

Answer 7

B cells (produce when encounter antigen)

Question 8

What role does the cell mediated immune system have in immune reactions?

Answer 8

Orchestrate response of immune system by binding to other cells and sending out signals

Question 9

Give 3 examples of diseases vaccinated against with artificial human Ig.

Answer 9

Hep B
Rabies
Varicella Zoster

Question 10

Give 2 examples of diseases vaccinated against with anti-toxin.

Answer 10

Diphtheria

Botulinum

Question 11

What are the disadvantages to passive vaccination?

Answer 11

Short term and short time-frame
Blood derived
Hypersensitivity reactions
Expensive

Question 12

What are the indications for passive vaccination?

Answer 12

Post exposure
Need for rapid action
Outbreak control
Contraindications to active vaccination

Question 13

What are the two types of vaccinations?

Answer 13

Live virus (attenuated organism)
Inactivated

Question 14

What vaccinations are live type?

Answer 14

OPV 
MMR 
Varicella 
Rotavirus 
Flu

Question 15

What are the subtypes of inactivated vaccines?

Answer 15

Suspensions of killed organism
Subunit
Conjugate

Question 16

Give 2 examples of suspension of killed organism vaccinations.

Answer 16

Whole cell pertussis (whooping cough)

Whole cell typhoid

Question 17

Give two types of subunits used for vaccinations.

Answer 17

Toxoids

Polysaccharides

Question 18

Give 3 examples of toxoid vaccines.

Answer 18

Diphtheria toxoid
Tetanus toxoid
Pertussis toxoid

Question 19

Give 2 examples of polysaccharide vaccines.

Answer 19

Pneumococcal

Typhoid (Vi)

Question 20

What is a conjugate vaccination?

Answer 20

Polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

Question 21

Give 2 examples of conjugate vaccines.

Answer 21

Hib

MenC

Question 22

What are contraindications for any type of vaccination?

Answer 22

Confirmed anaphylaxis reaction to same antigen or vaccine component.
Severe latex allergy
Acute or evolving illness.

Question 23

Contraindications to live vaccines.

Answer 23

Immunosuppression (primary, radiotx, steroids, HIV)

Pregnancy

Question 24

What is a contraindication for vaccinations against flu and yellow fever?

Answer 24

Egg allergy

Question 25

What vaccinations are given to children aged 8 weeks?

Answer 25

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB MenB Rotavirus Pneumococcal (PCV)

Question 26

What vaccinations are given to children at 12 weeks?

Answer 26

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB | Rotavirus

Question 27

What vaccinations are given to children at 16 weeks?

Answer 27

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB MenB PCV

Question 28

What vaccinations are given to children at 12-13 months?

Answer 28

MenB PCV Hib/MenC MMR

Question 29

What vaccinations are given to children between 3.5 - 5 years?

Answer 29

MMR | DtaP/IPV

Question 30

What vaccination is given annually between the ages of 2 and 12?

Answer 30

Flu

Question 31

What vaccination is given to children aged 12-13?

Answer 31

HPV (two doses)

Question 32

What vaccinations are given to children aged 13-14 (S3)?

Answer 32

Td/IPV | MenACWY

Question 33

What further vaccinations can be given in at risk children?

Answer 33

Flu BCG PPV23 HepB

Question 34

What adult vaccination programmes exist?

Answer 34

PPV23 for 65+ Shingles for 70+ Flu for 65+, pregnant or at risk Selective programmes i.e. travel, occupational

Question 35

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?

Answer 35

URTI with sore throat and low grade fever | White adherent membrane on tonsils, pharynx and/or nasal cavity

Question 36

What is the causative organism of Diphtheria?

Answer 36

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (aerobic gram positive)

Question 37

What is covered in the 6-in-1 vaccine?

Answer 37

``` Diphtheria Tetanus Pertussis Polio Hep B Haemophilus Influenza B ```

Question 38

What organism can cause septicaemia and meningitis?

Answer 38

Neisseria meningitis

Question 39

What persistent neurological defects may occur following meningococcal disease?

Answer 39

Hearing loss Speech disorders Loss of limbs Paralysis

Question 40

How is meningococcal disease spread?

Answer 40

Person-to-person contact | Respiratory droplets

Question 41

What is the incubation period of Neisseria meningitis?

Answer 41

3-5 days

Question 42

When in life are you at greatest risk for meningitis?

Answer 42

<5yo | 15-24yo

Question 43

What is the elimination of disease?

Answer 43

reduction to zero of the incidence of a specific disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate effort e.g. neonatal tetanus

Question 44

What is the eradication of disease?

Answer 44

permanent reduction to zero incidence worldwide, as a result of deliberate effort, e.g. smallpox

Question 45

What is the extinction of a disease?

Answer 45

No existence of the infective agent in nature or laboratory.