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Y2 Child Health > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three immunological mechanisms?

A

Active immunity
Passive immunity
Herd immunity

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2
Q

Define passive immunity

A

Transfer or pre-formed antibodies i.e. mother to baby via placenta, or person to person from blood donors

Short terms
E.g. Hep B, Rabies, Varicella Zoster human Ig.

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3
Q

Define active immunity

A

Formation of own immunity due to natural infection or artificial immunisation

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4
Q

Define Herd immunity

A

Protection of unvaccinated individuals through having a sufficiently large proportion of the population vaccinated, as prevents transmission

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5
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Bone marrow

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6
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

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7
Q

Which cell type produced antibodies?

A

B cells (produce when encounter antigen)

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8
Q

What role does the cell mediated immune system have in immune reactions?

A

Orchestrate response of immune system by binding to other cells and sending out signals

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9
Q

Give 3 examples of diseases vaccinated against with artificial human Ig.

A

Hep B
Rabies
Varicella Zoster

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10
Q

Give 2 examples of diseases vaccinated against with anti-toxin.

A

Diphtheria

Botulinum

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11
Q

What are the disadvantages to passive vaccination?

A

Short term and short time-frame
Blood derived
Hypersensitivity reactions
Expensive

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12
Q

What are the indications for passive vaccination?

A

Post exposure
Need for rapid action
Outbreak control
Contraindications to active vaccination

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13
Q

What are the two types of vaccinations?

A 
Live virus (attenuated organism)
Inactivated
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14
Q

What vaccinations are live type?

A 
OPV 
MMR 
Varicella 
Rotavirus 
Flu
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15
Q

What are the subtypes of inactivated vaccines?

A

Suspensions of killed organism
Subunit
Conjugate

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16
Q

Give 2 examples of suspension of killed organism vaccinations.

A

Whole cell pertussis (whooping cough)

Whole cell typhoid

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17
Q

Give two types of subunits used for vaccinations.

A

Toxoids

Polysaccharides

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18
Q

Give 3 examples of toxoid vaccines.

A

Diphtheria toxoid
Tetanus toxoid
Pertussis toxoid

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19
Q

Give 2 examples of polysaccharide vaccines.

A

Pneumococcal

Typhoid (Vi)

20
Q

What is a conjugate vaccination?

A

Polysaccharide attached to immunogenic proteins

21
Q

Give 2 examples of conjugate vaccines.

A

Hib

MenC

22
Q

What are contraindications for any type of vaccination?

A

Confirmed anaphylaxis reaction to same antigen or vaccine component.
Severe latex allergy
Acute or evolving illness.

23
Q

Contraindications to live vaccines.

A

Immunosuppression (primary, radiotx, steroids, HIV)

Pregnancy

24
Q

What is a contraindication for vaccinations against flu and yellow fever?

A

Egg allergy

25
Q

What vaccinations are given to children aged 8 weeks?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
MenB
Rotavirus
Pneumococcal (PCV)

26
Q

What vaccinations are given to children at 12 weeks?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB

Rotavirus

27
Q

What vaccinations are given to children at 16 weeks?

A

DTaP/IPV/Hib/HepB
MenB
PCV

28
Q

What vaccinations are given to children at 12-13 months?

A

MenB
PCV
Hib/MenC
MMR

29
Q

What vaccinations are given to children between 3.5 - 5 years?

A

MMR

DtaP/IPV

30
Q

What vaccination is given annually between the ages of 2 and 12?

A

Flu

31
Q

What vaccination is given to children aged 12-13?

A

HPV (two doses)

32
Q

What vaccinations are given to children aged 13-14 (S3)?

A

Td/IPV

MenACWY

33
Q

What further vaccinations can be given in at risk children?

A

Flu
BCG
PPV23
HepB

34
Q

What adult vaccination programmes exist?

A

PPV23 for 65+
Shingles for 70+
Flu for 65+, pregnant or at risk
Selective programmes i.e. travel, occupational

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Diphtheria?

A

URTI with sore throat and low grade fever

White adherent membrane on tonsils, pharynx and/or nasal cavity

36
Q

What is the causative organism of Diphtheria?

A

Corynebacterium Diphtheriae (aerobic gram positive)

37
Q

What is covered in the 6-in-1 vaccine?

A 
Diphtheria 
Tetanus
Pertussis 
Polio 
Hep B
Haemophilus Influenza B
38
Q

What organism can cause septicaemia and meningitis?

A

Neisseria meningitis

39
Q

What persistent neurological defects may occur following meningococcal disease?

A

Hearing loss
Speech disorders
Loss of limbs
Paralysis

40
Q

How is meningococcal disease spread?

A

Person-to-person contact

Respiratory droplets

41
Q

What is the incubation period of Neisseria meningitis?

A

3-5 days

42
Q

When in life are you at greatest risk for meningitis?

A

<5yo

15-24yo

43
Q

What is the elimination of disease?

A

reduction to zero of the incidence of a specific disease in a defined geographical area as a result of deliberate effort e.g. neonatal tetanus

44
Q

What is the eradication of disease?

A

permanent reduction to zero incidence worldwide, as a result of deliberate effort, e.g. smallpox

45
Q

What is the extinction of a disease?

A

No existence of the infective agent in nature or laboratory.

Y2 Child Health (6 decks)

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