Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

Define ‘immunisation’

A

The process of administering an antigen, usually derived from a pathogenic organism so as to induce specific active protection against the disease caused by that organism.

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2
Q

Outline the development of the immune system

A

At birth is immunologically naïve, placental transfer of IgG in 3rd trimester (passive protection), IgA in breast milk blocks bacterial adhesion, IgM is first antibody produced in immune response

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3
Q

What does innate immunity involve?

A

Phagocytes, mast cells, dendritic cells, Toll-like receptors, lectins, C3b and Fc receptors

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4
Q

What does adaptive immunity involve?

A

B-lymphocytes: antigen receptor is antibody, T lymphocytes: CD4 (helpers) and CD8 (cytotoxic), clonal deletion and clonal expansion

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5
Q

What is the dangers to an individual and to the herd of choosing against immunisation

A

Could contract infection or lead another individual (who isn’t vaccinated) to getting the infection due to herd immunity not being to a great enough percentage.

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6
Q

Define ‘vaccination’

A

involves active immunisation

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7
Q

Define ‘active immunisation’

A

vaccine you get changes immune system so you react better next time

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8
Q

Define ‘passive immunisation’

A

will protect you but you won’t have changed your immune system

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9
Q

What are the features of an effective vaccine?

A
  • Safety – must not cause illness or death
  • Protection – must protect against pathogen exposure
  • Longevity – should give long-lasting protection
  • Neutralising antibodies – these must be induced to protect against pathogens such as polio,and many toxins and venoms
  • Protective T cells – must be induced to protect against pathogens such as TB
  • Practicality – must be cheap to produce and easy to administer
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10
Q

What vaccinations are given at 8 weeks of age?

A
  • 5 in 1 vaccine (diphtheria, tetanus, polio, pertussis – whooping cough, Hib)
  • Pneumococcal
  • Meningitis B
  • Rotavirus (gastroenteritis)
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11
Q

What vaccinations are given at 12 weeks of age?

A
  • 2nd dose of 5 in 1 vaccine
  • Meningitis C
  • 2nd dose of Rotavirus
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12
Q

What vaccinations are given at 16 weeks of age?

A
  • 3rd dose of 5 in 1 vaccine
  • 2nd dose of Meningitis B
  • 2nd dose of pneumococcal
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13
Q

What vaccinations are given at 1 year of age?

A
  • Booster for Meningitis C (2nd) and Hib (3rd)
  • 3rd dose of pneumococcal
  • MMR vaccine
  • 3rd dose of Meningitis B vaccine
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14
Q

What vaccinations are given at 2-6 years of age?

A

• Influenza vaccine each September

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15
Q

What vaccinations are given at ~3 years of age?

A
  • 2nd dose of MMR

* Diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis and polio (4th doses)

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16
Q

What vaccination is given to girls at 12-13 years of age?

A

• HPV jab (cervical cancer and genital warts)

17
Q

What vaccinations are given at 14 years of age?

A
  • Tetanus, diphtheria and polio booster (5th doses)

* Meningitis A,C,W,Y vaccine

18
Q

What are some contraindications for immunisation?

A

If there is anaphylaxis to a previous dose (severe allergic reaction), there is immune suppression for any reason or if someone is acutely unwell