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Amc > Immunisation > Flashcards

Immunisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is passive immunisation

A

Pre-formed antibody administration
Immediate protection
No memory and no immune response stimulated

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2
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine

A

Reduced virulence, multiply in host but with no/mild symptoms
System and mucosal memory and long lasting immunity

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3
Q

What are the risks for an attenuate vaccine

A

If immunodeficiency then potential for severe infection
Rarely converts to virulent strain
Storage is critical for stability

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4
Q

Give examples of attenuated vaccine s

A

MMR
BCG
Oral polio

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5
Q

What is a killed vaccine

A

Who do inactivated virus/bacteria
Don’t multiply, systemic immunity only
May need several doses

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6
Q

What is an adjuvant and when do you need it

A

Materials that give a general boost to the immune system, PAMP Binders
Aluminium hydroxide
Used with killed vaccines

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7
Q

Give examples of killed vaccines

A

Killed polio
Influenza
Pertussis

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8
Q

What is a subunit vaccine

A

Consists of parts of organisms/ their products
Induces response ( not natural infection)
Systemic immunity
Several doses and adjuvant needed

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9
Q

What are the benefits of a subunit vaccine

A

No risk of infection or reversion to virulence

No unwanted components

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10
Q

Give examples of subunit vaccines

A

Tetanus toxoid
Hep B
Hib
Group C menining

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11
Q

What contraindicates all vaccines

A

Acute illness

Servere reaction to previous dose of same vaccine

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12
Q

What contraindicates live vaccines

A

Pregnancy

Primary or secondary immunodeficiency

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13
Q

What situations are allergies and vaccines a problem

A

Influenza vaccine has traces of egg in

Some viral ones contain traces of antibiotics

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14
Q

In what patient treatments are vaccines ineffective

A

Live typhoid- antibiotics kill it

Immunoglobulin therapy

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15
Q

What is human immunoglobulin replacement therapy

A

Intravenous or subcutaneous Ig
Derived from pooled plasma (>1000 donors)
IgG 90% intact
Normal ratio of subclasses
Free of inflammatory mediators or infectious agents

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16
Q

When is immunoglobulin replacement therapy indicated

A

Primary- common variable immunodeficiency

  • x-linked agammaglobulinaemia
  • hyper -IgM syndrome
  • t cell deficiency

Secondary - chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or multiple myeloma

  • HIV infected children
  • premature infants with recurrent infections
  • early onset neonatal sepsis
17
Q

What is active immunisation

A 
Antigen administration to activate immunity and protection 
Specific immunity, memory 
Antibody and/or T cell responses 
Systemic and/or mucosal 
No immediate protection
18
Q

What are hyper immune or specific immunoglobulin preparations made from

A

Plasma pre-screened for high titres of specific antibodies

Vaccinated volunteers

19
Q

Uses of hyper immune immunoglobulin

A 
Hepatitis 
rabies 
RSV 
Tetanus 
VZV 
CMV
20
Q

What are monoclonal antibodies used for

A

Highly specific, selected for neutralising activity

Reduces risk of transferring infection

21
Q

What are the biological activities of cytokines

A

Stimulation of cells of the immune system
Stimulation of inflammation stimulation of haematopoiesis
Anti-viral and anti-proliferative

22
Q

How do you enhance neutrophil levels

A

Granule ute colony-stimulating factor

Granulocyte macrophage colony stimulation factor

23
Q

What are the anti-viral activities of interferon-alpha

A

Inhibit OK of viral replication and protein synthesis in infected cells
Stimulation of anti-viral immune response

24
Q

What is interferon alpha used in the treatment of

A

Hep B

25
Q

What is peginterferon alpha/ I alpha used in combination with to treat chronic hep C

A

Ribavirin

26
Q

When is enhancement of circulation neutrophil levels useful

A

Reduction of duration and incidence of febrile neutropenia in cytotoxic chemotherapy for malignancy
Or reduction in myelomablative therapy followed by bone marrow transplant

27
Q

When is enhancement of phagocyte function by interferon gamma useful

A

In chronic granulomatous disease

Can’t produce reactive oxygen metabolites via NADPH

Amc (5 decks)

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