immune system p.II

Question 1

humoral (antibody mediated) IR

Answer 1

when B cells encounter antigens they produce:

primary response (initial encounter)
secondary response (can be years later)

Question 2

primary humoral response

Answer 2

maturation of B lymphocytes with first encounter of antigens causes lymphocyte to do clonal selection

this process is PHR

antigens on B cellsare IgD/IgM antibodies

Question 3

clonal reponse

Answer 3

lymphocyte grows + multiplies to form family of clone cells

most cloned cells become plasma cells

Question 4

new clones plasma cells

Answer 4

after lag period plasma cells produce same highly specific antibodies at enormous rate to destroy antigens (2000 antibodies/second)

lasts about 4-5 days then dies out
antibody levels in blood peak at 10 days and then decline

Question 5

secondary immune response

Answer 5

B cell clone members that do not become plasma cells + become memory cells that can respond later

much faster, prolonged, more effective because it is in works for a long time

2-3 days antibodies peak and levels remain high for weeks

Question 6

active immunity

Answer 6

B cells encounter antigens + produce antibodies

IR is same whether natural/artificial

Question 7

active naturally acquired

Answer 7

during bacteria/viral infections,get symptoms of disease and suffer

Question 8

active artificially acquired

Answer 8

when vaccines are administered, which have dead/weakenedpathogens

Question 9

vaccines

Answer 9

spared signs/symptoms of disease in primary response

weakened antigens still stimulate antibody production + immunological memory (booster shots may be needed)

protect against pneumonia, smallpox, polio, tetanus, diphtheria, measels

serious childhood diseases have been eradicated due to immunization programs

Question 10

passive immunity

Answer 10

when antibodies are obtained from someone else

Question 11

passive natural

Answer 11

from mother to fetus through placenta where antibodies enter fetal circulation + during breastfeeding

baby is protected for several months after birth

Question 12

passive artificial

Answer 12

from immune serum/gamma globulin

Question 13

gamma globulin

Answer 13

used to increase immunity after disease
used after hepatitis, as antivenom, botulism,rabies, tetanus bc these can kill before active immunity works

provide protection immediately, for 2-3 weeks then body takes over

Question 14

2 months

Answer 14

DPt, tetanus, OPV

Question 15

4 months

Answer 15

DPT, OPV

Question 16

6 months

Answer 16

DPT, OPV for some

Question 17

12-15 months

Answer 17

DPT, OPV, MMR

Question 18

18 months

Answer 18

HbCV (flu)

Question 19

4-6 years

Answer 19

DPT, OPV

Question 20

11-13 years

Answer 20

MMR

Question 21

14-16 years, every 10 yrs

Answer 21

Td booster

Question 22

antibodies

Answer 22

immunoglobulins
soluble proteins secreted by B cells (plasma cells) in response to antigens
carried in blood plasma and make up gamma globulin part of blood proteins

Question 23

antibody structure

Answer 23

formed in response to many antigens

have similar basic anatomy,grouped in Ig classes

Question 24

basic structure

Answer 24

4 looping amino acid chain linked by disulfide bonds

2 identical amino acid heavy H chains w/ 400 amino acids each, have flexible hinge region at middles

2 other identical amino acid chains light L chains, half as long

Question 25

chain loops

Answer 25

disulfide bonds between amino acids in same chain but about 60-70 apart which causes loop spaces

4 chains make antibody molecule w/ 2 identical halves w/ heavy + light chains, x/y shaped

Question 26

each antibody

Answer 26

one variable V region at end and larger constant C region at other end

variable change w/ type of antibodies but constant stays almost the same

variable regions of heavy+ light in each form antigen-binding site to fit specific antigen

has 2 antigen binding regions

Question 27

functions of antibody chains

Answer 27

1. determine type of antibody formed (class)
2. how antibody class carries out immuneroles
3. cell types/chemicals the antibody can bind w/

Question 28

antibody classes

Answer 28

have slightly different roles

five major classes

Question 29

IgM

Answer 29

can fix complement

present in monomer + pentamer

Question 30

IgA

Answer 30

found mainly in mucus, saliva, sweat, intestinal juice, milk
limited amounts in plasma
prevents attachment of pathogen to epithelial cells

Question 31

IgD

Answer 31

important in activation of B cell

always attached to external surface of B cell, works as antigen receptor

Question 32

IgG

Answer 32

can cross placental barrier for passive immunity
abundant and diverse in plasma
protects against viruses,
bacteria, toxins
main antibody of secondary and late primary

Question 33

IgE

Answer 33

involved in allergies
secreted by plasma,mucosae of GI + resp. tract, + tonsils

attracts to mast cells + basophils
release histamine when triggered by antigen

Question 34

antibody function

Answer 34

antibodies act tag antigens for destruction
number of antigen-antibody complexes which can be crosslinked into big networks

1. precipitation
2. complement fixation
3. agglutination
4. neutralization

Question 35

complement fixation

Answer 35

used against cellular antigens (bacteria, mismatched RBCs)

antibodies bind to antigens of foreigncells, trigger events that lyse foreign cells + release molecules to enhance inflammatory process + promote phagocytosis

Question 36

neutralization

Answer 36

used against bacterial exotoxins released by bacteria or on viruses that cause cell injury

antibodies bind to specfic sites on invader, which loses its toxic effect, destroyed by phagocytes

Question 37

agglutination

Answer 37

antigen-antibody complex causes clumping of foreign cells
done mostly by IgM w/ 10 antigen-binding sites
used for blood typing

immobilized, easier to phagocytize

Question 38

precipitation

Answer 38

antigen-antibody complexes involve soluble antigenic molecules

complexes become so large that they become insoluble and settle

immobilized, easier to phagocytize