Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

anatomy + physiology II: immune system > immune system p. I > Flashcards

immune system p. I Flashcards

1
Q

body defenses

A

defense systems against foreign materials like bacteria, fungi, and viruses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

nonspecfic defense system

NSDS

A

innate defenses
mechanisms protect against variety of invaders
responds immediately
includes skin, vaginal secretions, stomach muscosa, saliva/lacrimal fluid, + digestive/respiratory pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

specific defense system SDS

A

adaptive defenses
this system required for each type of invaders
this is the immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

NSDS first line of defense: skin

A

acts as physical barrier to foreign matter
sebum is toxic to bacteria
pH of skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

NSDS first ds: vaginal secretions

A

very acidic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

NSDS first ds: stomach mucosa

A

secretes hydrochloric acid + has protein digesting enzymes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

NSDS first ds: structural modifications of mucosae

A
  1. mucus coated hairs inside nasal cavity trap inhaled particles
  2. respiratory tract is ciliated which sweep debris and mucus to mouth to prevent lung entrance (can promote bacterial growth)

when surface barriers are breached second line of defense comes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

NSDS second ds: phagocytosis

A

phagocytes meet pathogens that pervade mechanical barriers
these are neutrophils + macrophages, freely wandering through tissue spaces or are stationary
flowing cytoplasmic extensions of phagocytes enclose foreign material in vacuole which fuses with lysosomes and is digested

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

stationary phagocytic cells

A

Kupffer cells in liver + microglia in brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

events of phagocytosis

A
  1. microbe adheres to phagocyte
  2. phagocyte engulfs particle
  3. phagocytic vesicle (phagosome) fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome)
  4. microbe in phagolysosome is digested by lysosomal enzymes
  5. indigestable + residual material removed by exocytosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

NSDS second ds: natural killer cells

A

NK found in blood + lymph
unique group of granular lymphocytes
lyses cancer cells and virus infected cells
act spontaneously due to certain sugars on intruder cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

perforins

A

lytic chemicals released by NK cells bc they are not phagocytic
target cells then does apopstosis (programmed cell death, membrane + nucleus disintegrate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

NSDS second DS: inflammatory response

A

triggered when body tissues are injured
redness, heat, swelling, + pain are four main signs
results in chain of events for protection and healing (R HSPa)
some other say limitation of joint movement is fifth sign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

inflammatory response first chain of events

A
  1. macrophages: surface membrane receptors (Toll-like receptors) release cytokines
  2. mast cells release histamines
  3. injured cells release inflammatory chemicals like histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leucotrienes, + complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

inflammatory response first step

A
  1. first chain causes blood vessels in involved area to dilate + increases blood flow to area hyperemia causes redness and heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

IR second step

A
  1. capillaries become leaky causing plasma to leak from bloodstream into tissue spaces edema + swelling present
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

IR third step

A

edema activates pain receptors in area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

IR fourth step

A

attracts phagocytes + wbcs to area

chemotaxis effect because cells are following chemical gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

functions of IR

A
  1. IR prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue
  2. disposes of cell debris + pathogens
  3. sets stage for repair
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

hour after IR

A
  1. neutrophils perform diapedesis
  2. neutrophils do chemotaxis
  3. neutrophils engulf damaged/dead tissue cells and pathogens
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

next in healing process

A
  1. monocytes leave bloodstream + follow neutrophils into area
  2. monocytes become macrophages after 12 hours become ravenous
  3. continue to battle, replace neutrophils
  4. responsible for final disposal of cell debris
22
Q

other protective events in healing process

A
  1. clotting proteins are activated + close damaged area with fibrin (prevents pathogen spread)
  2. fibrin mesh forms network for permanent repair
  3. local heat increases metabolic heat of tissue cells + speed up repair processes
23
Q

pus

A

mixure of dying/dead neutrophils, broken down tissue cells + living/dead pathogen

may form in wound after long battle, creamy + yellow

24
Q

sac of walled off pus

A

abcess

surgical drainage is usually necessary

25
Q

digestion resistant bacteria

A

TB is resistant to macrophages + remain within them

26
Q

infectious granulomas

A

tumor-like growths w/ central region of infected macrophages, outer later of uninfected macrophages + outer fibrous capsule
can be asymptomatic for years but weaken immune system

27
Q

NSDS sd: antimicrobial chemicals

A

important antimicrobial chemicals: complement proteins + inferferon

28
Q

complement:

A

group of at least 20 plasma proteins, circulate in blood inactive

29
Q

complement fixation

A

complements activated when encounter and attach to foreign cells

attach to pathogen membrane and form membrane attack complex which cause cell lysis

30
Q

result of complement fixation

A
  1. formation of membrane attack complexes which produce lesions in foreign cell surface, causes cell lysis
  2. complement fixation amplifies inflammatory process
31
Q

vasodilator

A

one type of molecule released by activation process

32
Q

chemotaxis chemicals

A

attract neutrophils + macrophages into region

33
Q

opsonization

A

other molecules cause cell membranes of foreign ells to become sticky

antibody binds to cell membrane of pathogen marking it for ingestion for phagocyte

34
Q

NSDS sd: antimicrobial chemicals inteferons

A

viruses can’t make ATP or proteins on their own so enter host cell + reproduces
virus infected cells cant save themselves but can save other cells

35
Q

interferons

A

proteins secreted by virus infected cells

bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit virus binding

36
Q

fever

A

systemic response to invading microorganisms

increases metabolic rate of tissue cells + speed up process

37
Q

body temperature

A

regulated by part of hypothalamus
set at 98.6 F or 37 C
can be reset upward by pyrogens

38
Q

pyrogens

A

chemicals secreted by WBCSs + macrophages exposed to foreign cells/substances in body

39
Q

high fevers

A

dangerous bc it scrambles enzymes + other body proteins

40
Q

mild/moderate fever

A

benefits body bc liver and spleen gather up nutrients iron + zinc that bacteria needs, making them less available

41
Q

specific defense: third line of response

A

immune system
three aspects

  1. antigen specfic (recognizes + acts against particular foreign substances)
  2. systemic (not restricted to initial infection site
  3. has memory (recognizes + mounts stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens)
42
Q

types of immunity

A

lymphocytes act directly (lysing foreign cells) or indirectly (releasing chemicals that enhance IR or activate other immune cells)

43
Q

humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity

A

indirect

cells produce chemicals (antibodies) for defense and release them into body fluids (humors)

44
Q

cellular/cell-mediated immunity

A

direct

lymphocytes defend body by targeting virus infected cells + cancer cells + cells of foreign grafts

45
Q

nonself antigens

A

non-self
usually proteins or polysaccharides
capable of exciting immune system + provoking immune response

46
Q

examples of common non-self antigens

A

foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbs, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, virus particles)

47
Q

self antigens

A

human cells have many surface proteins which are self antigens
immune cells do not attack these but our cells in other can provoke response
restricts donors for transplants (special drugs needed to stifle immune response)

48
Q

haptens/incomplete antigens

A

small molecules that are not antigenic, but may link up with our own proteins

49
Q

protein-hapten complex

A

forms when haptens join with proteins (maybe antibodies)
immune system may recognize and respond to this by stimulating antibody production + reactive T cells
harmful because it attacks own cells (allergies)

50
Q

chemicals that act as haptens

A

certain drugs
poison ivy
animal dander
detergens, hair dyes, cosmetics, household/industrial products

51
Q

penicillin reaction

A

most common drug hapten provoking immune response (binding of penicillin to blood proteins)
causes a reaction on some
in some cases, immune system is so triggered that person’s life may be in danger

anatomy + physiology II: immune system (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions