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anatomy + physiology II: immune system > immune system p. I > Flashcards

immune system p. I Flashcards

1
Q

body defenses

A

defense systems against foreign materials like bacteria, fungi, and viruses

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2
Q

nonspecfic defense system

NSDS

A

innate defenses
mechanisms protect against variety of invaders
responds immediately
includes skin, vaginal secretions, stomach muscosa, saliva/lacrimal fluid, + digestive/respiratory pathways

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3
Q

specific defense system SDS

A

adaptive defenses
this system required for each type of invaders
this is the immune system

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4
Q

NSDS first line of defense: skin

A

acts as physical barrier to foreign matter
sebum is toxic to bacteria
pH of skin is acidic to inhibit bacterial growth

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5
Q

NSDS first ds: vaginal secretions

A

very acidic

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6
Q

NSDS first ds: stomach mucosa

A

secretes hydrochloric acid + has protein digesting enzymes

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7
Q

NSDS first ds: structural modifications of mucosae

A
  1. mucus coated hairs inside nasal cavity trap inhaled particles
  2. respiratory tract is ciliated which sweep debris and mucus to mouth to prevent lung entrance (can promote bacterial growth)

when surface barriers are breached second line of defense comes

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8
Q

NSDS second ds: phagocytosis

A

phagocytes meet pathogens that pervade mechanical barriers
these are neutrophils + macrophages, freely wandering through tissue spaces or are stationary
flowing cytoplasmic extensions of phagocytes enclose foreign material in vacuole which fuses with lysosomes and is digested

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9
Q

stationary phagocytic cells

A

Kupffer cells in liver + microglia in brain

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10
Q

events of phagocytosis

A
  1. microbe adheres to phagocyte
  2. phagocyte engulfs particle
  3. phagocytic vesicle (phagosome) fuses with lysosome (phagolysosome)
  4. microbe in phagolysosome is digested by lysosomal enzymes
  5. indigestable + residual material removed by exocytosis
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11
Q

NSDS second ds: natural killer cells

A

NK found in blood + lymph
unique group of granular lymphocytes
lyses cancer cells and virus infected cells
act spontaneously due to certain sugars on intruder cell surface

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12
Q

perforins

A

lytic chemicals released by NK cells bc they are not phagocytic
target cells then does apopstosis (programmed cell death, membrane + nucleus disintegrate)

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13
Q

NSDS second DS: inflammatory response

A

triggered when body tissues are injured
redness, heat, swelling, + pain are four main signs
results in chain of events for protection and healing (R HSPa)
some other say limitation of joint movement is fifth sign

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14
Q

inflammatory response first chain of events

A
  1. macrophages: surface membrane receptors (Toll-like receptors) release cytokines
  2. mast cells release histamines
  3. injured cells release inflammatory chemicals like histamines, kinins, prostaglandins, leucotrienes, + complement
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15
Q

inflammatory response first step

A
  1. first chain causes blood vessels in involved area to dilate + increases blood flow to area hyperemia causes redness and heat
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16
Q

IR second step

A
  1. capillaries become leaky causing plasma to leak from bloodstream into tissue spaces edema + swelling present
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17
Q

IR third step

A

edema activates pain receptors in area

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18
Q

IR fourth step

A

attracts phagocytes + wbcs to area

chemotaxis effect because cells are following chemical gradient

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19
Q

functions of IR

A
  1. IR prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue
  2. disposes of cell debris + pathogens
  3. sets stage for repair
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20
Q

hour after IR

A
  1. neutrophils perform diapedesis
  2. neutrophils do chemotaxis
  3. neutrophils engulf damaged/dead tissue cells and pathogens
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21
Q

next in healing process

A
  1. monocytes leave bloodstream + follow neutrophils into area
  2. monocytes become macrophages after 12 hours become ravenous
  3. continue to battle, replace neutrophils
  4. responsible for final disposal of cell debris
22
Q

other protective events in healing process

A
  1. clotting proteins are activated + close damaged area with fibrin (prevents pathogen spread)
  2. fibrin mesh forms network for permanent repair
  3. local heat increases metabolic heat of tissue cells + speed up repair processes
23
Q

pus

A

mixure of dying/dead neutrophils, broken down tissue cells + living/dead pathogen

may form in wound after long battle, creamy + yellow

24
Q

sac of walled off pus

A

abcess

surgical drainage is usually necessary

25
digestion resistant bacteria
TB is resistant to macrophages + remain within them
26
infectious granulomas
tumor-like growths w/ central region of infected macrophages, outer later of uninfected macrophages + outer fibrous capsule can be asymptomatic for years but weaken immune system
27
NSDS sd: antimicrobial chemicals
important antimicrobial chemicals: complement proteins + inferferon
28
complement:
group of at least 20 plasma proteins, circulate in blood inactive
29
complement fixation
complements activated when encounter and attach to foreign cells attach to pathogen membrane and form membrane attack complex which cause cell lysis
30
result of complement fixation
1. formation of membrane attack complexes which produce lesions in foreign cell surface, causes cell lysis 2. complement fixation amplifies inflammatory process
31
vasodilator
one type of molecule released by activation process
32
chemotaxis chemicals
attract neutrophils + macrophages into region
33
opsonization
other molecules cause cell membranes of foreign ells to become sticky antibody binds to cell membrane of pathogen marking it for ingestion for phagocyte
34
NSDS sd: antimicrobial chemicals inteferons
viruses can't make ATP or proteins on their own so enter host cell + reproduces virus infected cells cant save themselves but can save other cells
35
interferons
proteins secreted by virus infected cells bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit virus binding
36
fever
systemic response to invading microorganisms | increases metabolic rate of tissue cells + speed up process
37
body temperature
regulated by part of hypothalamus set at 98.6 F or 37 C can be reset upward by pyrogens
38
pyrogens
chemicals secreted by WBCSs + macrophages exposed to foreign cells/substances in body
39
high fevers
dangerous bc it scrambles enzymes + other body proteins
40
mild/moderate fever
benefits body bc liver and spleen gather up nutrients *iron + zinc* that bacteria needs, making them less available
41
specific defense: third line of response
immune system three aspects 1. antigen specfic (recognizes + acts against particular foreign substances) 2. systemic (not restricted to initial infection site 3. has memory (recognizes + mounts stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens)
42
types of immunity
lymphocytes act directly (lysing foreign cells) or indirectly (releasing chemicals that enhance IR or activate other immune cells)
43
humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity
indirect | cells produce chemicals (antibodies) for defense and release them into body fluids (humors)
44
cellular/cell-mediated immunity
direct | lymphocytes defend body by targeting virus infected cells + cancer cells + cells of foreign grafts
45
nonself antigens
non-self usually proteins or polysaccharides capable of exciting immune system + provoking immune response
46
examples of common non-self antigens
foreign proteins, nucleic acids, large carbs, some lipids, pollen grains, microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, virus particles)
47
self antigens
human cells have many surface proteins which are self antigens immune cells do not attack these but our cells in other can provoke response restricts donors for transplants (special drugs needed to stifle immune response)
48
haptens/incomplete antigens
small molecules that are not antigenic, but may link up with our own proteins
49
protein-hapten complex
forms when haptens join with proteins (maybe antibodies) immune system may recognize and respond to this by stimulating antibody production + reactive T cells harmful because it attacks own cells (allergies)
50
chemicals that act as haptens
certain drugs poison ivy animal dander detergens, hair dyes, cosmetics, household/industrial products
51
penicillin reaction
most common drug hapten provoking immune response (binding of penicillin to blood proteins) causes a reaction on some in some cases, immune system is so triggered that person's life may be in danger

anatomy + physiology II: immune system (5 decks)

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