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The immune system 1 and 2 > Immune system part 2 > Flashcards

Immune system part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What does the adaptive immune system do?

A

It recognizes and selectively eliminates foreign antigens

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2
Q

What are the four main characteristics of adaptive immune system?

A

It is antigen specific
It is diverse
It produces immunological memory
It has self and non self recognition

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3
Q

What are the two major cell groups of adaptive immunity?

A 
T lymphocytes (T cells)
B lymphocytes (B cells)
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4
Q

What are the two types of classes of antigen presenting cells?

A

MHC 1 - present in all cells

MHC 2- expressed by APCs and interact with T cells

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5
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

In bone marrow

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6
Q

B lymphocytes have B-cell receptors which are membrane bound antibody. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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7
Q

What occurs during the first encounter of antigen by naive B cells?

A

Rapid division and differentiation into memory cells and effector or plasma cells.

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8
Q

What do plasma cells produce?

A

They produce alot of antibodies which helps with specificity in the adaptive immune response.

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9
Q

Memory cells have do not have a long life span and participate in this part of the immune response.

A

FALSE

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10
Q

What are antibodies composed of?

A

2 Light chains and 2 heavy chains linked by disulphide bonds

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11
Q

Surface and soluble antibodies are identical. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Where is the antigen binding site present in antibody?

A

In the light chain region

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13
Q

Where do T lymphocytes mature and derived?

A

They are derived from bone marrow but mature in the thymus

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14
Q

What do T lymphocytes express?

A

They express T cell receptors

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15
Q

What are the two types of T cell receptors?

A

T helper cells CD4+

T cytotoxic cells CD8+

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16
Q

T lymphocytes recognizes antigen bound to MHC. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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17
Q

When T cells are activated what does it lead to the secretion of?

A

Cytokine

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18
Q

What do cytokines support the activation of?

A

Macrophages, B cells and T cytotoxic cells

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19
Q

What are the two antigen presenting cells that cross between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Macrophages
Dendrititic cells
B lymphocytes

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20
Q

APCs do not express class 2 MHC and produce cytokines which activates T helper cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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21
Q

How do APCs display part of antigen bound to MHC class 2?

A

They internalise antigens and break it down and then they display this on antigen bound to MHC class 2

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22
Q

What are the two types of adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral and cellular response

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23
Q

Describe the humoral response of the adaptive immune system?

A

B cells that have differentiated into plasma cells are now producing lots of antibodies
The antibodies then bind to antigen, increasing opsonisation and therefore phagocytosis
The antibody may activate complement system
Antibodies are able to neutralize bacterial toxins .

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24
Q

Describe the cellular response of the adaptive immune system?

A

This is T cell mediated
Once T cells have been activated, they start to secrete cytokines which increases the activation of B lymphocytes and phagocytes
T cytotoxic cells - they eliminate altered self cells, tumor cells and virus infected cells.

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25
Q

Which part of an antibody is the antigen binding site?

A

The complementary determining region

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26
Q

What does the C-region of an antibody determine?

A

This is involved in the structure of the antibody

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27
Q

Antibody classes are determined by H chain of the antibody. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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28
Q

What are the 5 different types of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgM, IgE, IgA, IgD

29
Q

What is used to reduce S-S bonds into two fragments?

A

Mercaptoethanol

30
Q

During enzymatic digestion what does Fab fragments and Fc fragments do?

A

Fab fragments - antigen binding site

Fc fragment - Binds to B cells and contains only H chains

31
Q

What is the most abundant antibody?

A

IgG about 80%

32
Q

What are the 4 subclasses of IgG antibody and what are their function?

A

IgG1, 3 and 4 cross the placenta providing immunity for fetus

33
Q

Which IgG subclass is most potent complement activator?

A

IgG 3

34
Q

Which IgG subclass binds to Fc receptors on phagocytes and induces opsonisation?

A

IgG1 and 3

35
Q

What type of antibody is released first in primary response?

A

IgM

36
Q

What are IgM antibody effective in?

A

Agglutination and neutralization of viral infection, and it activates the complement system

37
Q

What do IgA antibodies do?

A

They prevent attachment of bacteria or viruses to mucus membranes and provides protection in newborns

38
Q

Where are IgA antibodies found?

A

In milk, tears, saliva and mucus

39
Q

Which antibody is important for allergic reactions?

A

IgE antibody

40
Q

How do IgE cause allergic reactions?

A

They bind to Fc receptors of basophils and mast cells which causes binding of allergen and leads to degranulation - symptoms of allergic reaction occurs

41
Q

IgD are major membrane bound Ig expressed by mature B cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

42
Q

What is transcytosis?

A

Transcellular transport by which various macromolecules are transported across the interior of a cell

43
Q

What is the germ line theory of antibody diversity?

A

Germ cells contain alot of Ig genes

44
Q

What is the somatic variation theory of antibody diversity?

A

Genome contains small number of Ig genes, which leads to antibody specificity and by mutation or recombination

45
Q

What is the one gene theory of antibody diversity ?

A

one polypeptide was accepted

46
Q

What did Dreyer and Bennett find out?

A

That two genes code for a H and L chain, one codes for V region and the other codes the C region

47
Q

The variable region in L chain is coded by two genes V and J which can fuse together. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

48
Q

The variable region in H chain is not coded by three genes, V, D and J. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

49
Q

What are viruses?

A

They are small nucleic acid protein and lipoprotein coating

50
Q

Viruses require host cell to replicate and can coexist or kill host cell. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

51
Q

What are the two types of mechanism for immune response to viral infection and describe what occurs in each mechanism?

A

Humoral
Antibody secrete IgA/IgG and IgM antibody
Complement is activated by IgG or IgM antibody

Cell mediated
Interferons secrete T H cells or T cytotoxic cells/ Macrophages and NK cells

52
Q

What are the four different ways that bacteria can cause disease?

A
  1. Attachment to host cell
  2. Proliferation
  3. Invasion of host tissue
  4. Secrete toxins which induce damage to host cells
53
Q

How is immunity achieved after a bacterial infection?

A

Immunity is achieved by antibody except in intracellular bacteria
Antibodies with complement increase opsonisation
Toxins are neutralized by Ig

54
Q

How is immunity of intracellular bacterial infection achieved?

A

Immunity is achieved by innate immune system via NK cells activation and cell mediated immunity T h cells

55
Q

Protozoans are unicellular eukaryotes which reside and multiply in host cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

56
Q

Helimtic parasites are multicellular organism which infect humans but are able to reproduce and live on their own. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

57
Q

What do malaria parasites form in humans and what does that result into?

A

sporozoites, merozoites and gametocytes which resulst in poor immunity

58
Q

What can fungus be used for?

A

Fermentation, bread and wine and for the production of penicillin

59
Q

Which immune system controls fungi and indicate which pathways are used?

A

Innate immune system, it causes phagocytosis by neutrophils, alternative and lectin pathway of complement system

60
Q

Give examples of emerging infectious disease

A

TB
Ebola
SARS
Bird flu if combined with human influenza virus

61
Q

What is minimum inhibitory concentration and Minimum bactericidal concentration?

A

MIC - the minimum dose of drug that will inhibit bacteria

MBC - The lowest dose at which the bacteria will start to be destroyed

62
Q

Class 1 and 2 bacterial mechanisms occur in prokaryotes and mamalian cells. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

63
Q

Class 1 and 2 bacterial mechanism reactions are less harmful than class 3 bacterial mechanisms. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

64
Q

What are the key differences between intrinsic and acquired resistance?

A

Intrinsic - inherent features which prevent antibiotic action
They are usually determined and expressed by genetic material contained within chromosomes

Acquired- Resistant strains emerge from previously inactive bacterial populations
It can be determined by mutations in chromosomal genes

65
Q

Which class of bacterial mechanism reactions is best for bacterial chemotherapy?

A

Class 3

66
Q

It is not possible for bacteria to have both intrinsic and acquired resistance. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

FALSE

67
Q

What are the three different types of horizontal gene transfer and describe what happens in each case?

A
  1. Bacterial transformation - donor cell releases DNA together with the antibiotic resistance gene, which is taken up by recipient cell and incorporated into the genome
  2. Bacterial transduction - infects cell with phage particles, it is released by cell and already contains antibiotic resistance gene, it then injects genetic material into host cell and gene becomes incorporated into genome
  3. Bacterial conjugation - Plasmid or tansposon is transfered from donor cell into recipient cell, where two cells directly join together and send through genetic material
68
Q

What are the key features of transposons?

A

They are transposable elements
They discrete genetic elements capable of moving within bacterial genome or from one DNA molecule to another
They are not capable of independent replication

69
Q

Most MRSA are multi drug resistant but are susceptible to vancomyocin. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

The immune system 1 and 2 (2 decks)

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