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The immune system 1 and 2 > Immune system part 1 > Flashcards

Immune system part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What structures do prokaryotes have?

A
  1. Nucleiod
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. Cytoplasmic membrane
  4. cell wall
  5. capsule
  6. Flagella
  7. Ribosomes
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2
Q

Which structures are found in all bacteria?

A
  1. Cytoplasm
  2. Ribosomes
  3. Plasma membrane
  4. Nucleiod containing DNA
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3
Q

What are the key features of prokaryotic cells?

A
  1. No-membrane bound nucleus
  2. They have single circular DNA genome - plasmid is free in cytoplasm
  3. No mitochondria, golgi or ER
  4. Enzymes and ribosomes are free in cytoplasm
  5. Rigid complex cell wall with appendages
  6. Survival is by adaptation to the environment
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4
Q

What are the features of a prokaryote nucleoid (DNA)?

A

Circular and supercoiled, double stranded DNA
It is associated with histone like proteins
Generally only have one chromosome

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5
Q

What are the features of plasmids?

A

They are small loops of extrachromosomal DNA
They are not essential for survival
They are involved in transferring genes between cells via conjugation (e.g antibiotic resistance)
Can be incorporated into the chromosomes

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6
Q

Describe features of cytoplasmic membrane and what is its function?

A

It function is to assemble cell wall components
It contains a phospholipid bilayer and embedded proteins
Contains cytoplasm and regulates transport

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7
Q

What are the three types of active transport in bacteria?

A
  1. ABC transport - ATP binding Cassette
  2. PMF - driven transport
  3. Gorup translocation e.g glucose 6-p
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8
Q

What is peptidoglycan and what is it composed of?

A

It is a rigid structure that prevents osmotic lysis

It is composed of carbohydrates and amino acids

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9
Q

Peptidoglycan helps in determining whether a bacterium is gram positive or gram negative. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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10
Q

What are the backbones of peptidoglycan termed?

A

NAG and NAM

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11
Q

Which one of the Grams has a narrower structure?

A

Gram negative

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12
Q

Peptidoglycan layer binds to liproproteins within the outer membrane of gram negative cell wall. TRUE OR FALSE?

A

TRUE

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13
Q

Name the different types of pathogens and give examples of each

A

Bacteria - E.coli
Viruses - HIV
Fungi - Thrush
Parasites - Malaria

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14
Q

What does a distinctive pathogen do?

A

One microbe - one disease e.g thyphoid

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15
Q

What do pathogenic agents do?

A

Many microbes - One disease e.g pneumonia

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16
Q

What do Pluripotential pathogens do?

A

One microbe - many diseases e.g E.coli

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17
Q

What is the function of the immune system?

A

To protect from pathogens

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18
Q

What are the two related activities of the immune system?

A
  1. Recognition (invaders from self components)

2. Response (effector response and memory response)

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19
Q

What are the two related types of immunity?

A

Innate and adaptive

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20
Q

What are the difference between adaptive and innate immunity?

A

Innate

  • Works within hours
  • Non specific
  • Primary response same as secondary
  • Involves barriers such as skin/phagocytes/pattern recognition molecules

Adaptive

  • Takes days
  • Highly specific
  • Second response is more rapid than first
  • Involves lymphocytes/ antigen specific receptors/antibodies
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21
Q

What does CAMS stand for and what does it do?

A

Cell adhesion molecules, they hold together the tissue

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22
Q

Leukocytes use CAMs to interact with tissue. TRUE OR FALSE?

23
Q

What are chemokines and what do they do?

A

They are a superfamily of small polypeptides and they control: adhesion, chemotaxis and leukocyte activation

24
Q

What is defensins and what are the two types?

A

It is a soluble component of the innate immune system
The two types include: a-defensins - found in paneth cells of intestine and cytoplasmic granules of neutrophils
B-defensins - are found in epithelia and some tissue

25
What are the four types of CAMs?
1. Mucin like CAMs 2. Selectins 3. Ig superfamily 4. Integrins
26
Mucins like CAMs interact with selectin | and Ig-superfamily interacts with integrins. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
27
What is complement activation and what is its role?
It is a system of soluble proteins | It recognises and destroys pathogens based on the recognition of pathogen associated molecular patterns
28
What is opsonisation?
It promotes phagocytosis
29
What is immune clearance?
It is the removal of immune complexes from the circulation
30
What are the three pathways of activation and what do they do?
1. Classical - is initiated by antibody binding 2. Alternative - does not involve antibodies, its involved in the direct interaction between complexes on antigens on surface of microbes and various complex factors 3. Lectin - Is responsible for the final part of the complement activation.
31
What is the final product of the complement system and how does it cause death of microbes?
MAC - it is the membrane attack complex , they insert into plasma membrane of microbe causing lysis of cell and death of microbes
32
What are the receptors of the innate immune system and what are their action?
1. Complement (Complement activation) 2. C-reactive protein (Complement action) 3. LPS (Lipopolysaccharide receptor) (Delivery to cell membrane) 4. Toll like receptors (triggers innate immune responses) 5. NOD family receptors (Triggers innate immune responses) 6. Scavenger receptor (Induces phagocytosis)
33
What are TLR?
They are trans membrane proteins with repeating sequence of AAs - the leucine rich repeats form extracellular ligand binding region.
34
Why are TLRs important?
They are important in the recognition of the bacterial LPS
35
Cell surface TLRs recognize extracellular ligands (LPS). TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
36
Intracellular TLRs recognize intracellular ligands (E.G viral DNA). TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
37
What is LPS a major component of?
Gram negative bacterium
38
LPS is extremely toxic and is expressed on the cell surface on the gram negative bacterium E.coli. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
39
The net negative charge on the gram negative bacterium does not allows them to evade the immune system. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
40
What are the cellular components of the innate immune system and their function?
1. NKCs - effective in phagocytosis 2. Macrophages - effective in phagocytosis/produces inflammatory mediators 3. Neutrophils - effective in lysis of virally infected cells /activates macrophages/and interferon 4. Dendritic cells - These are antigen presenting cells/produces interferon and cytokines
41
Name the three granulocytes in wbcs and name the most abundant and least abundant and one that is involved in allergic reaction?
Neutrophils - Most numerous and have multiple lobes Eosinophils - important in allergic reactions Basophils - Least numerous
42
Which granulocyte cell is first to migrate from the blood and what is it essential against?
Neutrophils - it is essential against bacteria and fungi
43
What is phagocytosis enhanced by?
opsonisation
44
What does TLR2 and TLR4 recognize?
TLR2 - Gram positive bacterium | TLR4 - Gram negative bacterium
45
What are the steps in reactive nitrogen species?
RNH2 / .NO/ NO2-/ .NO2/ NO3- Guanidno nitrogen after removing 5e to get free radical Nitric oxide after another removal of 1e to get Nitria and after the removal of 1e to get free radical nitrogen dioxide and after the removal of 1e to get Nitrate
46
What are the steps in reactive oxygen species?
Start with oxygen after the removal of 1e to get free radical superoxide (.O2) and after the removal of 1e to get hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and after the removal of 1e to get a hydroxyl radical (.OH) and after the removal of 1e to get water.
47
Monocytes circulate in blood for 8 hours before migrating into tissues and differentiating. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
48
Macrophages are activated by TLRs , cytokine receptors. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
49
Macrophages express class 2 MHC , which presents antigen to T Helper cells. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
50
Natural killer cells are large lymphocytes. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
51
What type of mononuclear phagocytes are the first line of defense against viruses and what other cellular components do they active?
NK cells | They activate Macrophages and dendritic cells
52
How many types of dendritic cells are there?
There are 4 types
53
What do all types of dendritic cells have in common?
All perform antigen capture, all antigen presenting cells of MHC 1 and 2 and T cell activation.
54
What do Dendritic cells produce?
ROS and interferons following the detection of viral genome by TLR

The immune system 1 and 2 (2 decks)

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