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PHGY 209 > Immune System - Innate immunity > Flashcards

Immune System - Innate immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Non-Specific/Innate Immunity

A

First-line of defense
Does not need to recognize the pathogen
Same response each tiem it sees a pathogen

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2
Q

Specific/Adaptive Immunity

A

Requires recognition of the pathogen
Faster response when it sees the same pathogen again

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3
Q

3 Ways scientific dsicoveries are made

A

1) Accidents of Nature - stroke (realize part of brain was important for something)
2) Leaps of Faith - make observation and decide to carry it further
3) Serendipity - Happy accident

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4
Q

Serendipity example

A

Alexander Fleming
Discovered Penicillin

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5
Q

Bubble Boy

A

David Vetter, born 1971
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency Syndrome (SCID)

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6
Q

HIV kills…

A

Helper T cells

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7
Q

Smallpox and Vaccination

A

30% of people died who got smallpox

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8
Q

Edward Jenner, 1796

A

Dairy mades had pox on their hands, from cow pox
Edward took leap of faith
Took pus and put it in a persons arm

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9
Q

1980

A

Smallpox was eradicated

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10
Q

Ali Maow Maalin

A

Got saved from smallpox
Last guy who got smallpox

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11
Q

Lymphoid organs

A

Primary Lymphoid Organs

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

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12
Q

Primary Lymphoid Organs

A

Sites where stem cells divide, and immune cells develop

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13
Q

Secondary Lymphoid Organs

A

Sites where most immune responses occur

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14
Q

Immune cells

A

:eukocytes - White blood cells

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15
Q

Secretions of immune cells

A

Cytokines

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16
Q

Bone Marrow

A

Blood cells are produced here:
B-cells and Immature T-cells
Site where B-cells Mature

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17
Q

Thymus

A

Located above the heart
Contains T-cells, scattered dendritic cells, epithelial cells and macrophages
Site where T cells mature
Atrophies after Maturity

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18
Q

Bursa of Fabricus

A

Part in chicken that gave B-cells their name
Place they were first discovered

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19
Q

Removing Thymus of chicken

A

T-cells won’t mature

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20
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

Scattered throughout the body
Filter microbes
Macrophages phagocytize microbes that enter lymph

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21
Q

Spleen

A

Largest lymphoid organ
removes microbes and old erythrocytes

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22
Q

Lymphoid Nodules

A

Tonsils
Peyer’s patches and MALT
Appendix

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23
Q

Immune cells travel in…

A

Blood and lymphatic system

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24
Q

How to WBC’s develop

A

Pluripotent hematopietic stem cell -> Lymphoid stem cell -> Lymphocyte

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25
Q

Lymphocytes

A

T-cells
B-cells
NK cells

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26
Q

T-cells

A

Cytotoxic T-cells CD8+
Helper T-cells CD4+
Regulatory T-cells CD4+

27
Q

Granulocytes

A

Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast Cells

28
Q

How does innate immune system work?

A
29
Q

First line of defense of innate immunity

A

Physical barriers
Skin- water resistant
Additional Physical and Mechanical barriers
- tight junctions in epithlia
- mucus
- hair and cilia

30
Q

Second line of defense of innate immunity

A

Cellular factors
Humoral factors
- Inflammation and fever
- Antimicrobial Substances
- Acute Phase reactants: C-reactive protein, complement, cytokines
Interferons

31
Q

Chemical and Mirbobiological barriers

A

Secretions
- Sebum, lysosome, gastric juice
Normal Flora

32
Q

Inflammation - Non-specific response to Tissue Damage

A

4 distinct signs and symptoms
-redness
- heat
- pain
- swelling

33
Q

3 stages of inflammation

A
  1. Vasodilation
  2. Emigration of Phagocytes
  3. Tissue repair
34
Q

Humoral Substances

A

Discourage Microbial Growth or spread of a pathogen
- Interferons
- Complement
- Iron binding Proteins

35
Q

Type 1 interferon

A

Prevents viral replication
1) detects infection and produces type I inteferon proteins
2) other cells have receptors on their surface for these type I interferon proteins
3) when these receptors are activated the cells will produce antiviral proteins
4) Virus will not be allowed to replicate, cell machinery will not allow it

36
Q

Complement

A

Large family of plasma proteins with multiple functions. 30 diff proteins participate in this cascade

37
Q

ALTERNATIVE PATHWAY

A

Innate Immunity
Lead to activation of complement protein - C3B
C3B bind to surface of bacteria and via opsonization

38
Q

Opsonization meaning

A

PREPARE FOR EATING

39
Q

C3b as an Opsonin

A

Phagocyte has C3b receptors on surface
When infection the system will active it. It will then be released and stick to the bacteria so phagocytic cells can recognize them as foreign and ingest them

40
Q

Iron-Binding Proteins - Transferrin

A

Binds up iron
Iron is kept away from the infection to make it harder for bacteria to divide

41
Q

Immune system

A

Scattered and large
Connected by circulatory and lymphatic system

42
Q

Lymphatic Organs

A

Primary
Secondary

43
Q

Second Line of Defense - Cellular factors

A

Natural Killer (NK) Cells
Phagocytes

44
Q

NK Cells

A

Class of lymphocytes
Target virus-infected cells and cancer cells
MHC class 1
If cells becomes infected or cancerous it stops expressing MHC 1
NK cell will then release perforins and granzymes to kill the infected body cells
Non-specific branch of immunity

45
Q

Phagocytes

A

Engulf microbial invaders

46
Q

Types of Phagocytes

A

Fixed-Tissue Macrophages - already in the tissues
Neutrophils - will be recruited to the sit of injury
Monocytes - macrophages and Dendritic Cells

47
Q

Phagocytosis Steps

A

Microbe enters phagocyte through endocytosis
Phagosome forms around microbe
Lysosome brings in its eater things and puts them in the phagosome
Phagolysosome is formed
Microbe is destroyed
Release of end products into or out of cell

48
Q

Macrophages vs Bacteria what have on surface

A

Macrophages: TLR
Bacteria: PAMPs

49
Q

How does phagocyte recognize microbes?

A

PAMPs are recognized by immune system receptors called Pattern recognition Receptors (PRR) found on the surface of the macrophage: Toll-Like Receptors

50
Q

Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)

A

Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram-negative bacteria
Peptidoglycan (PGN) of gram-positive bacteria

51
Q

Vasodilation

A

Helps us get neutrophils to injury sites

52
Q

Emigration of Phagocytes

A

Phagocytes move out

53
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Chemokine/Chemoattractants
-Chemicals that attract phagocytes

54
Q

Margination

A

Sticking to endothelial cells

55
Q

Diapedesis

A

Phagocytes move across capillary wall

56
Q

Emigration of phagocytes

A

Chemotaxis
Margination
Diapedesis

57
Q

NET’s

A

Neutrophil Extracellular Traps
Made of processed chromatin bound to granular and selected cytoplasmic proteins which come from the lysed neutrophils

58
Q

Do Neutrophils die in the process of killing bacteria?

A

Yes

59
Q

Pus is produced In Neutrophil Attack. Why?

A

Pus is a mixture of dead bacteria and neutrophils

60
Q

If neutrophils are not enough to fight bacteria what happens?

A

Antigen -Presenting Cell

61
Q

Antigen-Presenting Cells

A

Immunogen - material that induces an immune response
Allergen
Ligand

62
Q

Antigen

A

Antibody generator
Can be whole cells or a part of a cell
Can be non-microbial (Pollen, egg whites, Incompatible blood cells, transplanted tissues)

63
Q

Epitope

A

Part of antigen that is recognized by the immune cells

64
Q

Bridge between innate immunity and adaptive(specific) immunity

A

Via Antigen Presentation by Phagocytes

PHGY 209 (6 decks)

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