Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm Exam 2 > Immune System and Corticosteroids > Flashcards

Immune System and Corticosteroids Flashcards

1
Q

what do NRTIs treat?

A

HIV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what drugs are NRTIs?

A

zidovudine (AZT, Retrovir)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is the action of NRTIs?

A
  • blocks viral replication (ability to substitute for DNA components, thymidine substitute)
  • slows the progression of the infection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what side effects are seen with NRTIs?

A
  • headache
  • malaise
  • nausea and vomiting
  • lactic acidosis (serious)
  • hepatomegaly (serious)
  • anemia/neutropenia (adjust dose, could lead to hospitalization)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what nursing considerations should there be with NRTIs?

A
  • infection prevention

- hazardous drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

can NRTIs be used in pregnancy?

A

yes - it has been successful in stopping the transmission of HIV from mom to baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is acyclovir used to treat?

A

herpes simplex virus (HSV) and varicella-zoster virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the action of acyclovir?

A

inhibits viral replication by suppressing the synthesis of viral DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the side effects of acyclovir?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • headache
  • neurologic toxicity when given IV
  • drowsiness when combined with zidovudine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

can NRTIs be used alone?

A

no, must be used with another drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

when could acyclovir cause neurotoxicity?

A

when given through an IV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

when could acyclovir cause drowsiness?

A

when used with zidovudine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what routes can acyclovir be given?

A

topical - for something like a mouth sore

IV - for something more systemic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

acyclovir is only effective when …

A

when the virus is active (the virus could flare up when the immunosystem is suppressed or fighting something else)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is herpes zosters?

A

shingles - caused by dormant varicella-zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

At what age does herpes zosters typically happen?

A

after age 50 (vaccine is recommended around 50)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

is herpes zosters contagious?

A

yes - highly contagious

- spreads through open vesicles and pustules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

where does herpes zosters take place on the body?

A

sensory nerve cells

- very painful and can last for months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

is there treatment available for herpes zosters?

A
  • antiviral can help in the first 48 hours

- supportive treatment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does interferon treat?

A

hepatitis B, C, and malignant melanoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is the action of interferon?

A

blocks viral entry into cells and blocks synthesis of viral messenger RNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what route is interferon given?

A

subcutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what side effects are seen with interferon?

A
  • flu-like symptoms (in 50% of pts, improves with time)
  • depression (worsens with time)
  • neutropenia and leukocytopenia (increased risk for infection)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what is ribavirin used to treat?

A

hepatitis and RSV

25
Q

what is the action of ribavirin?

A

unknown

26
Q

what must ribavirin be taken with?

A

interferon

27
Q

can ribavirin be taken alone?

A

no - must be taken with interferon

28
Q

what side effects are seen with ribavirin?

A
  • flu-like symptoms
  • depression
  • hemolytic anemia
29
Q

what route is ribavirin given?

A

oral

30
Q

can ribavirin be used in pregnancy?

A

no - can cause fetal injury

- if it is in an inhaler form, pregnant women can’t even be in the room

31
Q

what kind of drug is mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept)?

A

cytotoxic immunosuppressive agent

32
Q

what is mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) used for?

A
  • chemotherapy

- organ transplant

33
Q

what is the action of mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept)?

A

blocks cell replication and growth

34
Q

what are the side effects seen with mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept)?

A
  • nausea and vomiting
  • infection (increased risk)
  • activation of latent infection (herpes zoster or tuberculosis)
35
Q

what group is the use of mycophenolate mofetil (CellCept) contradicted in?

A

women of child-bearing age

36
Q

what is cyclosporine and tacrolimus (Prograf) used for?

A
  • transplant
  • rheumatoid arthritis
  • psoriasis
37
Q

what kind of drug is cyclosporine and tacrolimus (Prograf)?

A

cytotoxic immunosuppressant agent

38
Q

what is the action of cyclosporine and tacrolimus (Prograf)?

A

suppress lymphocyte cell lines

39
Q

what are the side effects of cyclosporine and tacrolimus (Prograf)?

A
  • nephrotoxicity
  • increased risk of infection (monitor WBC)
  • hypertension
  • tremor
  • hirsutism (excessive hair growth)
40
Q

what drugs are used to treat the flu?

A
  • oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
  • zanamivir (Relenza)
  • peramivir (Rapivab)
41
Q

when are flu drugs effective?

A

they are only effective if taken within the first 48 hours of symptoms

42
Q

who is at risk for the flu?

A
  • elderly
  • babies
  • HIV
  • pregnancy
  • immunocompromised
  • retirement homes
  • healthcare workers
43
Q

when should flu drugs be held?

A

when the pt. had a previous bad reaction

44
Q

what kind of drugs are glucocorticoids?

A
  • beclomethasone dipropionate (Beclovent, Vanceril)
  • dexamethasone (Decadron)
  • prednisone (Deltasone)
  • methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol)
45
Q

what kind of glucocorticoid is used to treat back pain and brain swelling?

A

dexamethasone (Decadron)

46
Q

what kind of glucocorticoid is kind of a catch-all?

A

prednisone (Deltasone)

47
Q

what routes are glucocorticoids given?

A
  • IV
  • IM
  • PO
  • topically
48
Q

what different things are glucocorticoids used for?

A
  • asthma
  • arthritis
  • COPD
  • IBS
  • poison ivy, allergic reaction, eczema, and other skin conditions
  • organ and tissue transplants
49
Q

what is the action of glucocorticoids?

A
  • reduces the concentration of thymus-dependent leukocytes, monocytes, and eosinophils, but increases red blood cells
  • suppresses immune response
  • systemic distribution, non-selective
50
Q

are glucocorticoid selective?

A

no - nonselective

51
Q

what teaching is needed with glucocorticoids?

A

it must be tapered off to avoid an adrenal crisis

  • when on a glucocorticoid the body stops producing on its own and needs to be reminded to do so with tapering
  • z-pack
52
Q

what adverse effects are seen with glucocorticoids?

A
  • adrenal insufficiency
  • osteoporosis
  • infection
  • myopathy
  • glucose intolerance
  • growth retardation in children
  • mood and sleep cycle changes
  • cataracts and glaucoma
  • fluid and electrolyte imbalance
  • weight gain
53
Q

glucocorticoid and adrenal insufficiency …

A
  • our bodies get used to the drug and stop producing

- in times of stress our bodies need more

54
Q

glucocorticoid and osteoporosis …

A
  • glucocorticoid increases osteoclast activity

- glucocorticoid decreases osteoblasts and calcium absorption

55
Q

glucocorticoid and infection …

A
  • suppressed immune response and neutrophils

- teach good hand hygiene and avoid crowded areas

56
Q

glucocorticoid and cataracts/glaucoma …

A

eye exams are needed if on glucocorticoids long term

57
Q

glucocorticoid and fluid/electrolyte imbalance

A
  • Na+ and water loss

- potassium retention

58
Q

glucocorticoid and weight gain

A
  • cushingoid features
  • moon face
  • buffalo hump

Pharm Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions