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Exam 2 Human Phys > Immune System and Blood Pt.2 > Flashcards

Immune System and Blood Pt.2 Flashcards

1
Q

Why does the immune system exist

A

To protect the body from damage

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2
Q

What does the immune system do?

A
  1. Recognize and remove abnormal “self” cells
  2. Removes dead or damaged cells
  3. Protects the body from disease-causing pathogens
  4. Recognizes antigens
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3
Q

Pathogens

A

Microorganisms that cause disease

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4
Q

Antigens

A

Foreign substances that produce immune response in the body

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5
Q

Largely comprised of the body’s “ “ found within circulation, tissues of the body, and specialized lymphoid tissue

A

Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)

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6
Q

Where are lymphoid tissues found

A

Throughout the body

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7
Q

Primary lymphoid tissues are…….? examples?

A

Sites where immune cells form and mature
-Bone marrow
-Thymus (T cell maturation)

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8
Q

Secondary lymphoid tissues are…….? examples?

A

Sites where mature cells interact with pathogens
-Spleen
-Lymph nodes
-Diffuse lymphoid tissues (aggregates of immune cells in other organs/tissue eg.tonsils)

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9
Q

What are the three lines of defense in the immune system

A

Barriers, innate immune response, adaptive immune response

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10
Q

What are examples of the barriers in the immune system

A

Skin, mucus slow, enzymes, and pH

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11
Q

Innate immune response

A

Rapid and non-specific to pathogens, such as inflammation

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12
Q

Adaptive immune response

A

Slower and specific to pathogens

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13
Q

Several studies show that prophylactic (disease-preventing) use of “ “ is beneficial for burn patients

A

Systemic antibiotics

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14
Q

In addition to leukocytes,” “ in blood function as part of the immune system!

A

Extracellular proteins

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15
Q

Complement

A

Is a collective term for plasma proteins that act in the innate immune system (NOT CELLS, THEY’RE PROTEINS

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16
Q

Where does complement occur

A

In serum as zymogens; activated as
part of a cascade

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17
Q

Membrane attack complex

A

A group of proteins that insert themselves into cell
membranes of pathogens causing lysis

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18
Q

Cascade terminates with the formation of

A

Membrane attack complex

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19
Q

What do leukocytes (WBC) include

A
  1. Mast cells and basophils
  2. Phagocytes
  3. Lymphocytes
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20
Q

Mast cells and basophils

A

Release inflammatory mediators

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21
Q

Lymphocytes and examples

A

Perform a variety of immune functions
- B cells
- T cells
- Natural killer cells

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22
Q

Mast cells are

A

Cellular bags of granules located in the loose connective tissues close to blood vessels and contain histamine and other factors

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23
Q

Basophils are

A

Rare cells found in blood that largely function in same way as mast cells

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24
Q

Both mast cells and basophils contribute to

A

Inflammation/innate immune response

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25
Q

Inflammation

A

Is redness, heat, swelling, and pain due to activation
of the innate immune system at a site of disease or injury

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26
Q

What are the goals of inflammation

A
  1. Attract immune cells to site
  2. Produce physical barrier to stop spread of infection
  3. Promote tissue repair once infection is controlled
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27
Q

Examples when inflammation is not good

A
  1. Some forms of shock are a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response
  2. Chronic inflammation can also threaten human health
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28
Q

Histamine

A

Vasoactive molecule released by mast cells.

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29
Q

What is released during inflammatory response

A

Cytokines which include histamine

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30
Q

What causes the release of cytokines/histamine

A
  1. Dilation of capillaries at the injury site
  2. Increased vascular permeability
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31
Q

Most inflammatory signals are

A

Paracrine (inducing changes in nearby cells)
-E.g., communications between white blood cells, infected or damaged cells, and endothelial cells that line blood vessels

32
Q

Some inflammatory response are

A

Endocrine (inducing changes in distant cells)
-E.g., fever and production of growth factors

33
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Is the process by which a cell ingests and disposes of
foreign material.

34
Q

Neutrophils

A

Predominate in early inflammatory responses

35
Q

Dendritic cells are

A

Phagocytes with long, thin processes found in skin

36
Q

Monocytes are

A

Precursors to macrophages

37
Q

Macrophages are

A

Phagocytes that arrive later than neutrophils

38
Q

Eosinophils

A

Defend against parasites and regulate vascular
mediators

39
Q

What are two types of lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

40
Q

B cells and T cells are part of the “ “ and found in

A

“Adaptive immune response” and found in “blood and lymph tissue”

41
Q

Activated B cells develop into plasma cells, which secrete
“ “

A

Antibodies, proteins that bind and counteract foreign substances

42
Q

Adaptive immune system need

A

Lymphocytes that can bind millions of different pathogens, but not cells of its own body (self-tolerance)

43
Q

During embryonic development, lymphocytes produce

A

Antigen receptor by random DNA recombination

44
Q

What results from the production of antigen receptors

A

Results in diverse repertoire of antibodies and T cell receptors

45
Q

Apoptosis (programmed cell death)

A

Is what lymphocytes binding self-antigen die by

46
Q

Each B/T cell is specific to

A

A particular antigen

47
Q

A clone is

A

A group of lymphocytes specific to an antigen

48
Q

At an individual’s birth

A

Each clone only has a few cells

49
Q

Exposure to an antigen activates a clone and stimulates it to

A

Divide (clonal expansion) which enables a robust reaction to the pathogen at hand

50
Q

Exposure to an antigen triggers

A

Clonal expansion of B cells

51
Q

After infection resolves, some survive as

A

Memory B cells which can more rapidly undergo clonal expansion if the pathogen is seen again

52
Q

Antibodies function (4)

A
  1. Antigen clumping
  2. Inactivation of bacterial toxins
  3. Acting as opsonins (phagocytosis-triggering substances)
  4. Activation of other immune cells
53
Q

Primary immune response

A

Slower and weaker due to initial exposure to an antigen, clonal expansion of naïve B cells is slower

54
Q

Secondary immune response

A

Faster and more robust due to repeated exposure to the same antigen, clonal expansion of memory B cells is faster

55
Q

Vaccine contains

A

An altered pathogen that no longer harms the host but can be recognized as foreign by immune cells

56
Q

Vaccines used today may be made from

A
  • Killed or weakened pathogens
  • Microbial proteins or the genes that encode them
57
Q

T cells are

A

The other major cells of the adaptive immune system

58
Q

T cells must be

A

Activated before performing their functions

59
Q

What are T cells activated by

A

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

60
Q

Major histocompatibility complexes (MHCs)

A

Membrane proteins that can combine with antigens that have been digested within the cell

61
Q

Every nucleated cell of body has

A

MHC class I

62
Q

Antigen-presenting cells (macrophages/dendritic cells) have

A

MHC class II

63
Q

Cytotoxic T cells

A

Defend the body against intracellular pathogens by killing infected cells

64
Q

When are antibodies not effective

A

When a pathogen is inside the cells

65
Q

Cytotoxic T cells attack and

A

Destroy cells that display MCH I antigen complexes

66
Q

T-helper cells and T-regulatory cells do not

A

Directly attack pathogens or infected cells

67
Q

Some pathogens have evolved to

A

Block host cell synthesis of MHC-I proteins.

68
Q

The immune system must function

A

Within a narrow window to avoid pathology

69
Q

Excessive immune activation is

A

Hypersensitivity

70
Q

Insufficient immune activation is

A

Immunodeficiency

71
Q

Hypersensitivity is an

A

Altered immunologic response to an antigen
(foreign substance producing immune response), resulting in disease or damage to the host

72
Q

Allergy

A

Deleterious effects of hypersensitivity to environmental
antigens

73
Q

Immunodeficiencies are

A

Failures of the immune system characterized
by development of unusual or recurrent severe infections

74
Q

Primary immunodeficiencies are genetic

A
  • B-cell deficiencies
  • T-cell deficiencies
  • Severe combined immunodeficiencies (SCID)
75
Q

Acquired immunodeficiencies are consequence of
another event

A
  • Malnutrition
  • Immunosuppressant drugs
  • Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) due to
    targeting of T-helper cells by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
76
Q

Neuroimmunomodulation is

A

The study of brain-immune interactions

77
Q

Physical and emotional stress can

A

Impact the immune systems through complex mechanisms

Exam 2 Human Phys (4 decks)

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