Immune System

Question 1

What are B lymphocytes and role?

Features about them?

Answer 1

B-cells are involved in antibody-mediatrd immune response (humoral immunity)

B-cells fight pathogens by making antibodies for their antigens (lock and key)
This marks the pathogen so immune cells can destroy it

Present antigen to helper T-cells
Originate and mature in bone marrow

Question 2

What are T lymphocytes and role?

Features about them?

Answer 2

Mature in thymus after its originate in bone marrow
Involved in cell mediated immunity

Roles
Killing infected host cells
Activiting other immune cells
Producing cytokines
Regulate immune response

Question 3

What is cytokines and where it come from

Answer 3

It’s produced by T-cells and it’s a chemical message that activities other immune cells

Question 4

What are cytotoxic T cells and role?

Answer 4

Type of T lymphocytes

Kill cells infected by pathogens and tumours
Release cytotoxic granules which kill cells

These require several signals from other cells to activate

Question 5

What are helper t cells and their role?

Answer 5

Type of T lymphocytes

Help other immune cells
Activate other immune cells
Release cytokines
Helps b cells produce antibodies

Question 6

What are memory t cells and their role?

Answer 6

Jump-start and immune response to and antigen, they detect it so natural killer T cells can protect the body

Natural killer T cells- innate deference against some pathogens

CD4+ plays a role in activation
CD8+ release the granules and kill infected cells
Then they move onto a new target

Question 7

What are natural killer t cells and their role?

Answer 7

Kill infected cells and detecting and controlling early signs of cancer

Control several types of tumors and microbial infections limiting their spread and subsequent tissue damage
Often referred to as serial killing

Question 8

What is Humoral immunity and what are its features?

Answer 8

Meditated by macromolecules found in extracellular body fluids is called humoral immunity e.g plasma

B cells are the main type of cell
Protects against extracellular pathogens and toxins
Antibodies are formed
Does not protect against cancer

Question 9

What is cell meditated immunity and it’s features?

Answer 9

Identify cells that are affected
Main type of cell is t cells
Intracellular protection
Antibodies are not formed
Protects against cancer

Question 10

What is the lymphatic system role?

Answer 10

It gets rid of dead cells and material
Drainage fluids

Transports clean fluid back to the blood

Drains excess fluid from tissues

Remove debris from cells of the body

Produces lymphocytes which protect the body against infections

Filters toxins, bacteria and harmful substances

Question 11

What are the types of phagocytes?

Answer 11

Macrophages

Neutrophils/granulocytes

Question 12

What is the role of macrophages and it’s features?

Answer 12

Second line of defence
Detect pathogens and destroys bacteria

Originate from monocytes, produced in the bone marrow

Circulate within almost every tissue patrolling for pathogens or eliminating dead cells

Long lifespan - months to years

Question 13

What is the role of neutrophils/granulocytes and it’s features?

Answer 13

First cells to travel to the site of infection
They contain multi lobed nucleus

Ingesting pathogens

Release chemicals such as hydrogen peroxide to kill germs and clean up wounds

Short-lived - die after ingesting bacteria

Dead neutrophils make up a large population of pus

Question 14

What are the types of immunity

Answer 14

Innate
adaptive
passive

Question 15

What is innate immunity?

Answer 15

You are born with it and it’s general type of protection e.g skin

Question 16

What is adaptive immunity?

Answer 16

It develops throughout our lives when we are exposed to diseases
Or immunized against them with vaccines

Question 17

What is passive immunity?

Answer 17

Passive immunity is borrowed from another source and last a short time
E.g antibodies in mother’s breast milk give a baby temporary immunity to diseases

Question 18

What is the first line of defence?

Answer 18

It is physical and chemical barriers
E.g
Skin
 tears
 saliva
 sweat
 mucus 
stomach acid

Question 19

What is the second line of defence?

Answer 19

If a pathogen gets passed the first 1 and infection starts cells are phagocytes (macrophages and neutrophils)
It reacts to Inflammatory response

Question 20

What are the signs of inflammation?

Answer 20

Redness 
pain 
heat 
swelling 
loss-of-function

Question 21

What is the third line of defence?

Answer 21

Instead of being restricted to the site of infection the adaptive immune response occurs throughout the body

Cells are
B lymphocytes
t lymphocytes

Question 22

What is the immune system?

Answer 22

The immune system is a complex network of cells and protects the body against infections

Question 23

What is the functions of the immune system

Answer 23

To fight pathogens like bacteria and viruses parasites or fungus

To neutralise harmful substances e.g toxins

To fight disease causing changes in the body such as cancer cells

Recognise the difference between normal and foreign and keeps a record of the antigens/pathogens

Question 24

What components make up the immune system

Answer 24

White blood cells 
antibodies 
lymphatic system 
spleen 
liver 
bone marrow 
appendix
Adenoids
Thymus
Peyer's patches
Tonsils

Question 25

What is the function of the thymus gland in the immune system?

Answer 25

Produces progenitor cells which become t cells

The t cells will destroy infected or cancerous cells

Question 26

What is the function of the spleen?

Answer 26

Filters your blood
Removes damaged red blood cells and stores iron
stores blood and releases it back into the system in an emergency

Question 27

What is the function of the liver

Answer 27

Hepatocytes of the liver check blood and remove toxins

Breakdown old and damaged red blood cells

Question 28

What is the function of adenoids?

Answer 28

Clusters of the lymphatic tissue in the back of the nose

It creates antibodies
Trap harmful substances
White blood cells circulate through the adenoids and other lymphoid tissue

Question 29

What is a phagosome?

Answer 29

A phagosome is similar to lysosome, it is in white blood cells and is a vesicle formed around a microbe with digestive enzyme to break it down.

Question 30

What is the shape of the nucleus in neutrophils?

Answer 30

multi-lobed 3 segments

Question 31

What is the shape of the nucleus in macrophages?

Answer 31

Horse shoe shaped

Question 32

What is the role of dendritic, also known as lymphocyte cells

Answer 32

Secretion of antibodies

Holds the antigen out to show B cells

Question 33

What is the role of monocyte?

Answer 33

Monocyte is a special kind of stem cells in a way, they specialise into other types of white blood cells. Via phagocytosis

Question 34

What are the types of agranulocytes?

Answer 34

Dendritic

Monocytes

Question 35

What are the types of granulocytes

Answer 35

Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil

Question 36

What does granulocytes mean?

Answer 36

A cell that contains granules

Question 37

What does esosinophil cells do?

Answer 37

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