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Applied Science Unit 1 Biology > Cell Structure And Function > Flashcards

Cell Structure And Function Flashcards

Organelles and function of different types of cells

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What’s a prokaryotic cell

A

A cell with no nucleus e.g a bacteria

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2
Q

Robert Hooke 1665 in cell theory did what?

A

Robert Hooke was the first to describe cells

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3
Q

What is cell theory?

A

1) Cells are basic unit of life
2) everything living is composed of cells
3) cells can only develop from existing cells

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4
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek 1674-1683 do in cell theory?

A

First person to observe bacteria and protoctista from pond water samples

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5
Q

What did Robert brown 1831 do in cell theory?

A

First to observe and describe a nucleus in a plant cell

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6
Q

What did Matthias Schleiden 1839 do in cell theory?

A

Matthias Schleiden- Suggested that all plant material is made from cells

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7
Q

What did Robert Remak 1852 do in cell theory?

A

Observed cell division

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8
Q

What did Louis Pasteur 1860 do in cell theory?

A

Disproved spontaneous cell generation

Cells come from existing cells

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9
Q

What is choroplast and it’s function?

A

Plant organelle

Where photosynthesis takes place

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10
Q

How do you calculate magnification?

A

Magnification (M) = size of image (l) ÷ actual size (A)

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11
Q

What are the limitations of light microscopes?

A

Lower magnification
Lower resolution
Need to be transparent material

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12
Q

What are some pros to light microscopes?

A

Cheap

Easy to use

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13
Q

What is Eukaryotic cells?

A

Cells that have a nucleus

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14
Q

What is a Golgi apparatus and it’s function?

A

A stack of membrane bound flattened sacs

Packages the proteins into vesicles to be transported

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15
Q

What is a nucleolus and function?

A

Spherical structure in the middle of the nucleus

It makes ribosomes and RNA

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16
Q

What is Rough endoplasmic reticulum and function?

A

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae studded with ribosomes
Protein synthesis

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17
Q

What is Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and it’s function?

A

Network of membrane bound flattened sacs called cisternae NO RIBOSOMES
Responsible for synthesis and transport of lipids and carbohydrates

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18
Q

What is a vesicle and function?

A

Small spherical membrane sacs with fluid inside

Transport materials around the cell and outside of the cell

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19
Q

What is centrioles and it’s function?

A

They are small tubes of protein fibres

They form spindle fibres during cell division

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20
Q

What is tonoplast and function?

A

Partially permeable membrane of the vacuole

Allows small molecules to pass through

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21
Q

What is amyloplasts and it’s function?

A

A double membrane-bound sac containing starch granules

Responsible for the synthesis and storage of starch granules

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22
Q

What is plasmodesmata and it’s function?

A

Channels on the cell walls of plant cells

Enable transport and communication between individual plant cells

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23
Q

What are Pits and it’s function?

A

Pores in the cell walls of the xylem

Allow water to enter and leave xylem vessels

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24
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

The process of vesicles fusing with plasma membrane and secretary contents.

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25
Q

What is the function of animal cells?

A

Synthesise proteins for use inside cell and outside cell

Cell multiplication

26
Q

What is a capsule and it’s function?

A

Slippery layer outside the cell wall

Protects the cell and prevents desiccation (prevents drying out)

27
Q

What is a nucleoid and it’s function?

A

Irregularly shaped region (no nuclear membrane)

DNA and controls cellular activity

28
Q

What is plasmid as it’s function?

A

Small loops of DNA

Carry genes that may benefit the survival of the organism

29
Q

What do bacteria cells do?

A

They produce and secrete toxins

30
Q

What do Gram-negative bacteria have?

A

A thinner cell wall and 2 lipid membranes

31
Q

What colour are gram-positive

A

Purple

32
Q

What colour is Gram-negative bacteria?

A

Pink

33
Q

Why is Gram-negative pink?

A

Thinner cell walls and lipid membranes allows ethanol to wash off the crystal violet purple stain
But keep the pink safranin stain

34
Q

What type of bacteria is spherical shape?

A

Cocci

35
Q

What type of bacteria is rod shape?

A

Bacilli

36
Q

What type of bacteria is spiral shape?

A

Spirilla

37
Q

What type of bacteria is comma shaped?

A

Vibrios

38
Q

What type of bacteria is corkscrew shaped?

A

Spirochaetes

39
Q

What are main features of fungal cells

A

Nuclei with chromosomes
No chlorophyll
Absorb food they are osmotrophic
Reproduce by means of spores

40
Q

What is lysosome and it’s function?

A

Contains digestive enzymes to break down worn out cell parts or bacteria

41
Q

What is centrosome for?

A

Cell division

42
Q

What are erythrocytes?

A

Red blood cells

43
Q

What are leucocytes?

A

White blood cells

44
Q

What are thromcytes?

A

Platelets

45
Q

What does semi-permeable mean?

A

Controls what enters the cell

46
Q

What does permeable mean?

A

Everything can enter the cell

47
Q

What does inpermeable mean?

A

Nothing can enter the cell

48
Q

What does ATP mean?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

49
Q

What is the function of centriole?

A

Produces spindle fibres for mitosis (cell division)

50
Q

What is the function of peroxisome?

A

Fulfils essential metabolic functions in lipid metabolism, both catabolic and anabolic

51
Q

What did Jan Purkyne do in cell theory 1839?

A

Jan Purkyne- animal tissue is made from cells and have similar structure to plant tissue

52
Q

What did Theodor Schwann 1839 do in cell theory?

A

Theodor Schwann- proposed all living things are made from cells

53
Q

Light microscope advantages and disadvantages?

A

Advantages
Cheap
Easy to use

Disadvantages
Poor magnification
Poor resolution

54
Q

Electron microscope advantages and disadvantages?

A

Advantages
Good magnification
Good resolution

Disadvantages
Expensive
Need training to use

55
Q

What is a nucleoid?

A

Single circular length of DNA folded up in bacteria

56
Q

What is a slime capsule?

A

Polysaccharide layer outside the cell wall

57
Q

What is the functions/roles of the polysaccharide layer?

A

Prevents the cell drying out

Helps protect from white blood cells

Helps stick to surfaces

58
Q

What is the functions/roles of the cell wall in bacteria?

A

Made of sugar and amino acids called peptidoglycan

Support and protection

Keeps its shape

59
Q

How do you calculate image size?

A

Actual size X magnification

60
Q

How do you calculate actual size?

A

Image size/magnification

61
Q

What types of ribosomes are in bacteria?

A

70s ribosomes

62
Q

How can you remember what gram-negative colour is

A

Gram negative is pink they both have the letter n in them

Applied Science Unit 1 Biology (8 decks)

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