Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL1013 > Immune system > Flashcards

Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the immune system?

A

It recognises and responds to non-self entities in the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name some non-self entities that the immune system targets

A

Viruses, Bacteria, Parasites, malignancies and grafts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name some functions that the immune system has to undertake?

A
  • detect and identify non-self
  • Communicate with other cells
  • recruit
  • destroy or suppress
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of immune tissues?

A
  • Primary lymphoid tissues
  • secondary lymphoid tissues
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When is something considered a primary lymphoid tissue?

A

When it produces white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name 2 structures in the primary lymphoid tissue?

A
  • Thymus
  • bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name two structures in the secondary lymphoid tissues?

A
  • Spleen
  • lymph nodes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What else occurs in tissues?

A

Aggregations of immune cells also occur in other tissues (i.e. the gut)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Compare Innate and adaptive immunity

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Activation of the innate immunity can increase what?

A

The memory responses of the adaptive system, increasing its effectiveness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Tell me the relative activity of cells in the body when a infection arises

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name some ways that pathogens can invade the body?

A
  • Cuts/wounds/post-operation e.g. Staph. aureus
  • Insect bites- (e.g. sand-fly-leishmania, mosquito –malaria)
  • Animal bites ––environmental pathogens and rabies
  • Airborne e.g. Mycobacterium tuberculosis
  • Food E. coli & Salmonella
  • Human behaviour IV drug user’s HIV and hepatitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

In early experiments, 1845-1916, what did the scientist Metchnikoff show?

What did he incorrectly suggest?

A
  • He showed that cells (white blood cells) termed phagocytes could ingest microbes- these were more active from vaccinated animals
  • Metchnikoff (incorrectly) suggested that cells rather than serum components were the major effectors of immunity.
  • Phagocytes were later identified as monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils as the major effector cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Name some defence mechanisms of the innate response to a virus

A
  • mucus
  • antigen presenting cells
  • phagocytes
  • cytokines
  • neutrophils
  • lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Name some non-specific defences and how they work/ what they produce?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Whats inflammation, name some things that can cause it

A

Inflammation is a complex biological response of the body tissues to harmful sitmuli such as…

  • pathogens
  • damaged cells/ tissues
  • irritants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Tell me the steps to how inflammation allows the immune system access to damaged/ infected tissues in order to remove necrotic cells and tissues to intiate repair?

A
  1. bacteria trigger macrophage to release cytokines and chemokines
  2. vasodilation and increased vascular permeability cause redness, heat and swelling
  3. inflammatory cells migrate into tissues releasing inflammatory mediators that cause pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Whats vasodilation?

What physical effects does it cause?

A

There is an increase in diameter of adjoining capillaries constriction of vessles transporting blood away

physical effects:

  • redness
  • swelling
  • heat
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When theres inflammation, what do resident macrophages and damaged tissue cells release?

A

chemical signals and alter endothelia cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Name 3 processes that occur when inflammation is present?

A
  1. Margination
  2. Extravasation
  3. Chemotaxis
21
Q

Whats margination?

A

Inflammation attracts monocytes and neutrophils- rolling (adherence) to endothelial of venules

22
Q

Whats Extravasation?

A

Emigration from vessel between the endothelial cells into the tissue

23
Q

Whats Chemotaxis ?

A

Migrate to the site of injury/ invasion

24
Q

During the margination of neutrophils, what generally occurs?

A

The RBC clump together to make space for neutrophils in the vessel

25
Q

Whats meant by neutrophil nets ?

A

When neutrophils shoot out DNA/chromatin and coat bacteria

26
Q

Name the cells of the immune system

Their classification

Their primary function(s)

A
27
Q

Where are monocytes found?

What happens when they are activated in tissues?

A

Monocytes are found in the blood, when they are activated in tissues they differentiate into macrophages

28
Q

Where may macrophages reside?

A

They may reside for a long time in the same tissue

29
Q

Whats the role of macrophages?

A

To remove pathogens and dead or dying cells by phagocytosis

(neutrophils and eosinophils are also phagocytes)

30
Q

Explain the process of phagocytosis

A
31
Q

When is pathogen killing initiated?

Whats released?

A

Once the phagocytic vacuole fuses with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome with release of:

  • oxygen radicals
  • chlorine products
  • Nitric oxide pathway
32
Q

What is NADPH oxidase?

Where is it located during phagocytosis?

A

NADPH oxidase is a membrane-bound enzyme complex

It faces the inner space of phagosomes

33
Q

During phagocytosing, what does the cell undergo?

A

A massive increase in metabolism

34
Q

What does the respiratory burst produce?

A

Reactive oxygen species (ROS)

35
Q

What reaction does NADPH oxidase catalyse?

A
36
Q

When Superoxide, O2- is produced, what reactions can occurs, (with enzymes), to produce toxic products?

What can these products destroy?

A

Superoxide, Hydrogen Peroxide, Chlorine, Hypochlorite and Hydroxyl radical, all extremely toxic

destroying lipid membrane and bacterial DNA (kept in vesicles to help protect the cell)

37
Q

What kind of receptors can the innate immune system use and what are these?

A

The innate immune system uses receptors that can detect the repeating patterns in the surface of microorganisms

38
Q

Name some pattern recognition receptors

Where do they bind/ recognise?

A
  • mannose receptor binds mannose residues on pathogen surface
  • glycan receptor binds to polysaccharides of bacteria and yeast
  • scavenger receptor recognises complex sugars on yeast and bacteria
  • TLR (Toll-like receptor) binds to LPS (lipopolysaccharide) on the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria
  • Complement receptor (CR) recognises complement covered structures on yeast and bacteria
39
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A

Transmembrane receptors that signal to immune cells the type of pathogen that has invaded

40
Q

Name the Toll like receptors

What are each of their ligands?

Whats their source?

Provide an example for each?

A
41
Q

Here is an example of LPS and TLR4

A
42
Q

What are interferons?

A

cytokines that inhibit viral replication within cells

43
Q

What do activated macrophages release and what does this stimulate?

A

Activated macrophages release IL-12

This stimulates IFNγ by natural killer cells

44
Q

What does IFNγ lead to?

A

further macrophage activation in a feedback loop amplifying innate immune responses- increasing phagocytosis and iNOS expression

45
Q

What do the interleukins IL-1 and TNFα induce?

A

endothelial cells to express adhesion molecules allowing neutrophils and monocytes to bind and leave the bloodstream

46
Q

What is IL-8?

A

A potent neutrophil chemoattractant and activates macrophages

47
Q

What do TNFα, PAF and PG act directly on?

A

endothelium to increase permeability

48
Q

What does PAF cause?

A

platelets to release histamine also increases vascular endothelial permeability

BIOL1013 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions