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Foundations Exam 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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2
Q

Bone marrow function

A

Primary site of hematopoesis and B lymphocyte development

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3
Q

Thymus function

A

T lymphocyte development and selection

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4
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Encapsulated (lymph nodes, spleen) and unencapsulated (MALT)

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5
Q

Stem cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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6
Q

Committed precursor cells

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cells (lymphocyte branch - T, B, NK, ILC)
Common myeloid progenitor cells (non-lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelet branches)

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7
Q

Pluripotent progenitor/stem cells

A

High differentiation capacity (after HSCs)

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8
Q

Stem cell factor cytokine targets….and induces…..

A

HSCs; all cell populations

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9
Q

IL-7 cytokine targets….and induces….

A

Immature lymphoid progenitors; T lymphocytes

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10
Q

IL-3 cytokine targets…..and induces…..

A

Immature progenitors; all cell populations

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11
Q

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) targets….and induces…..

A

Immature and committed myeloid progenitors, mature macrophages; granulocytes and monocytes, macrophage activation

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12
Q

Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) targets….and induces…

A

Committed progenitors; monocytes

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13
Q

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) targets…and induces…

A

Committed granulocyte progenitors; granulocytes

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14
Q

Flt-3 ligand targets….and induces…..

A

HSCs, DC, and B cell progenitors; classical and plasmacytoid DCs, B cells

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15
Q

Cortex of thymus

A

Packed with developing T cells; thymic cortical epithelial cells produce IL-7

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16
Q

Medulla of thymus

A

Contains mature T-cells, which are then released to the periphery; medullary thymic epithelial cells and APCs involved in selection

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17
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A

To maintain tissue fluid homeostasis and initiate the tissue immune response

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18
Q

How does lymph flow?

A

Absorbed by lymphatic capillaries, delivered, to lymph nodes, and empty into SVC via thoracic duct

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19
Q

How does lymph move?

A

Contraction of perilymphatic smooth muscle and pressure from MSK movement

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20
Q

What filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

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21
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Survey lymph and tissues for antigens

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22
Q

What delivers antigen in the lymph nodes? To where in lymph nodes?

A

Antigen presenting cells to afferent lymphatics

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23
Q

What cells are in the follicle of the lymph nodes?

A

Naive B cells

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24
Q

What happens in the germinal center of the lymph nodes?

A

Somatic hypermutation in active B cells and isotype switching

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25
Q

High endothelial venule

A

Entry point of artery for Naive B and T cells

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26
Q

Where are T cells located in the lymph nodes?

A

Paracortex

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27
Q

Function of spleen

A

Remove old and damaged blood cells, immune complexes and microbes from blood

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28
Q

Red pulp of spleen

A

Macrophages remove damaged RBCs, pathogens, immune complexes

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29
Q

White pulp of spleen

A

Location of lymphocytes and macrophages

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30
Q

B cells in spleen

A

Follicle or marginal zone

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31
Q

T cells in spleen

A

Periarterial lymphatic sheath

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32
Q

Marginal zone

A

Forms boundary between red and white pulp

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33
Q

What APCs bring microbial antigens to the spleen?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells

34
Q

MALT

A

GALT (Peyer’s patches, rectal patches, and appendix) and NALT (tonsils and adenoids)

35
Q

NALT function

A

Survey material entering respiratory and GI tracts

36
Q

Tonsils

A

Palatine (largest), lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids - active pharyngeal), tubal

37
Q

Germinal center of NALT

A

B cells highly represented - high IgA-producing plasma B-cells

38
Q

GALT function

A

survey material in small intestine

39
Q

Peyer’s patch

A

Contains multiple lymphoid follicles; germinal centers (B cells and IgA secretion), parafollicular areas (T cells), and APCs

40
Q

Follicle-associated epithelium

A

Epithelium overlaying Peyer’s patches (includes M-cells that perform transcytosis)

41
Q

Rectal patches

A

Survey material in large intestine (also in appendix)

42
Q

Leukocytes

A

All immune cells

43
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells and T cells

44
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells

45
Q

Mononuclear phagocytes

A

Monocytes circulate in blood; macrophage reside in tissue

46
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

47
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

Cells that present antigen to lymphocytes (dendritic, B, macrophage)

48
Q

Phagocytes

A

Cells that engulf and destroy antigens (macrophage, monocytes, and PMN)

49
Q

Function of mononuclear phagocytes

A
  • Digest microbes and present on surface to activate the adaptive immune response
  • To digest necrotic and apoptotic host cells
50
Q

Two types of macrophage activation

A

Classical (M1) - secrete inflammatory mediators and are phagocytic
Alternative (M2) - tissue repair (fibrosis and stimulate angiogenesis)

51
Q

Cell marker for macrophages

A

CD14

52
Q

M-CSF

A

In bone marrow that is a major cytokine for monocyte differentiation

53
Q

Tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes

A

During early development these specialized cells develop

54
Q

Function of PMNs

A
  • Digest microbes and secrete antimicrobials

- digest necrotic host cells

55
Q

Types of granules in granulocytes

A
  • Specific (contain lysozyme, collagenase, elastase)

- Azurophilic (contain defensins and cathelicidins)

56
Q

IL-8

A

Proinflammatory cytokine that recruits neutrophils to the site of infection

57
Q

Mature PMN nucleus; immature?

A

Multi-lobed; band

58
Q

Function of dendritic cells

A
  • Activate innate immune response

- Digest microbes and present on surface to activate the adaptive immune response

59
Q

DC and macrophage cell marker

A

DC-SIGN

60
Q

How do T cells recognize antigens?

A

Recognizes a different antigenic peptide via the T cell receptor

61
Q

Where do T cells develop and mature?

A

Thymus

62
Q

helper T cells - markers and function

A

CD3+ and CD4+

  • stimulate inflammation
  • activates macrophages
  • activates and class switching of B cells
  • increased epithelial barrier
63
Q

cytotoxic T cells - markers and function

A

CD3,8+

-kills cells infection with virus and cancer cells

64
Q

NK T cells - markers and function

A

CD3,16,56+

  • T cells that express NK cell markers
  • recognizes foreign lipid presented by APC
  • has helper and cytotoxic T functions
65
Q

T regulatory cell - markers and function

A

CD3,4,25+ and FoxP3

-suppress immune response

66
Q

B-2 cells - markers and function

A

CD19,20+

-Antibody secretion

67
Q

B-1 cells - markers and function

A

CD5,19,20+

-like B-2

68
Q

Marginal zone B cells - markers and function

A

CD19,20+

-in marginal zone of spleen, quickly produce antibody to encapsulated bacteria (like innate immune cell)

69
Q

Regulatory B cells - markers and function

A

CD5,19,21+

-suppress immune response

70
Q

NK cell function

A
  • recognize and kill virus-infected host cells

- recognize and kill cancer/abnormal cells

71
Q

Cell marker for NK cell

A

CD56 and CD16

72
Q

How do NK cells kill abnormal cells?

A
  • Recognizing (or not) common cell markers (innate)
  • Produce IFN-upsilon to activate macrophages to digest intracellular microbes
  • Mediating ADCC (antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity) - CD16 interacts with Fc portion of antibody, if cell is coated with antibody, NK cell will recognize and kill the cell (adaptive immune)
73
Q

Innate lymphoid cells

A

Lack T or B cell receptors; in skin, GI, and lung

74
Q

Granulocytes

A

Mast cells (allergy, parasites), basophils (allergy, parasites), eosinophils (helminths)

75
Q

Granule staining of granulocytes

A

Mast: purple/dark blue
Basophil: purple/dark blue
Eosinophil: Red

76
Q

Humoral response

A

Targets microbes and their toxins
Innate: complement pathway, cytokines
Adaptive: antibodies, cytokines

77
Q

Cell-mediated response

A

Destroys microbes inside phagocytes
Innate: NK, granulocytes, macrophages
Adaptive: T cells and B cells

78
Q

What connects the innate and adaptive immune responses?

A

Dendritic cells - present antigen to naive T-cells

79
Q

TLR

A

Toll-like receptor - recognize patterns (innate) so they can recognize LPS, glycoprotein, capsule, flagella, etc.

80
Q

B cell recognizes….

A

Foreign material via B-cell receptors (antibody); only recognizes one epitope of an antigen so it’s highly specific but it can recognize anything (adaptive)

81
Q

T cell recognizes…

A

Peptide presented by APC (adaptive)

Foundations Exam 2 (8 decks)

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