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Foundations Exam 2 > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

1
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

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2
Q

Bone marrow function

A

Primary site of hematopoesis and B lymphocyte development

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3
Q

Thymus function

A

T lymphocyte development and selection

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4
Q

Secondary lymphoid organs

A

Encapsulated (lymph nodes, spleen) and unencapsulated (MALT)

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5
Q

Stem cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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6
Q

Committed precursor cells

A

Common lymphoid progenitor cells (lymphocyte branch - T, B, NK, ILC)
Common myeloid progenitor cells (non-lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelet branches)

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7
Q

Pluripotent progenitor/stem cells

A

High differentiation capacity (after HSCs)

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8
Q

Stem cell factor cytokine targets….and induces…..

A

HSCs; all cell populations

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9
Q

IL-7 cytokine targets….and induces….

A

Immature lymphoid progenitors; T lymphocytes

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10
Q

IL-3 cytokine targets…..and induces…..

A

Immature progenitors; all cell populations

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11
Q

Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) targets….and induces…..

A

Immature and committed myeloid progenitors, mature macrophages; granulocytes and monocytes, macrophage activation

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12
Q

Monocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) targets….and induces…

A

Committed progenitors; monocytes

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13
Q

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) targets…and induces…

A

Committed granulocyte progenitors; granulocytes

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14
Q

Flt-3 ligand targets….and induces…..

A

HSCs, DC, and B cell progenitors; classical and plasmacytoid DCs, B cells

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15
Q

Cortex of thymus

A

Packed with developing T cells; thymic cortical epithelial cells produce IL-7

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16
Q

Medulla of thymus

A

Contains mature T-cells, which are then released to the periphery; medullary thymic epithelial cells and APCs involved in selection

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17
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A

To maintain tissue fluid homeostasis and initiate the tissue immune response

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18
Q

How does lymph flow?

A

Absorbed by lymphatic capillaries, delivered, to lymph nodes, and empty into SVC via thoracic duct

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19
Q

How does lymph move?

A

Contraction of perilymphatic smooth muscle and pressure from MSK movement

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20
Q

What filters lymph?

A

Lymph nodes

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21
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Survey lymph and tissues for antigens

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22
Q

What delivers antigen in the lymph nodes? To where in lymph nodes?

A

Antigen presenting cells to afferent lymphatics

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23
Q

What cells are in the follicle of the lymph nodes?

A

Naive B cells

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24
Q

What happens in the germinal center of the lymph nodes?

A

Somatic hypermutation in active B cells and isotype switching

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25
High endothelial venule
Entry point of artery for Naive B and T cells
26
Where are T cells located in the lymph nodes?
Paracortex
27
Function of spleen
Remove old and damaged blood cells, immune complexes and microbes from blood
28
Red pulp of spleen
Macrophages remove damaged RBCs, pathogens, immune complexes
29
White pulp of spleen
Location of lymphocytes and macrophages
30
B cells in spleen
Follicle or marginal zone
31
T cells in spleen
Periarterial lymphatic sheath
32
Marginal zone
Forms boundary between red and white pulp
33
What APCs bring microbial antigens to the spleen?
Macrophages and dendritic cells
34
MALT
GALT (Peyer's patches, rectal patches, and appendix) and NALT (tonsils and adenoids)
35
NALT function
Survey material entering respiratory and GI tracts
36
Tonsils
Palatine (largest), lingual, pharyngeal (adenoids - active pharyngeal), tubal
37
Germinal center of NALT
B cells highly represented - high IgA-producing plasma B-cells
38
GALT function
survey material in small intestine
39
Peyer's patch
Contains multiple lymphoid follicles; germinal centers (B cells and IgA secretion), parafollicular areas (T cells), and APCs
40
Follicle-associated epithelium
Epithelium overlaying Peyer's patches (includes M-cells that perform transcytosis)
41
Rectal patches
Survey material in large intestine (also in appendix)
42
Leukocytes
All immune cells
43
Lymphocytes
B cells and T cells
44
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells
45
Mononuclear phagocytes
Monocytes circulate in blood; macrophage reside in tissue
46
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes
Neutrophils
47
Antigen presenting cells
Cells that present antigen to lymphocytes (dendritic, B, macrophage)
48
Phagocytes
Cells that engulf and destroy antigens (macrophage, monocytes, and PMN)
49
Function of mononuclear phagocytes
- Digest microbes and present on surface to activate the adaptive immune response - To digest necrotic and apoptotic host cells
50
Two types of macrophage activation
Classical (M1) - secrete inflammatory mediators and are phagocytic Alternative (M2) - tissue repair (fibrosis and stimulate angiogenesis)
51
Cell marker for macrophages
CD14
52
M-CSF
In bone marrow that is a major cytokine for monocyte differentiation
53
Tissue-resident mononuclear phagocytes
During early development these specialized cells develop
54
Function of PMNs
- Digest microbes and secrete antimicrobials | - digest necrotic host cells
55
Types of granules in granulocytes
- Specific (contain lysozyme, collagenase, elastase) | - Azurophilic (contain defensins and cathelicidins)
56
IL-8
Proinflammatory cytokine that recruits neutrophils to the site of infection
57
Mature PMN nucleus; immature?
Multi-lobed; band
58
Function of dendritic cells
- Activate innate immune response | - Digest microbes and present on surface to activate the adaptive immune response
59
DC and macrophage cell marker
DC-SIGN
60
How do T cells recognize antigens?
Recognizes a different antigenic peptide via the T cell receptor
61
Where do T cells develop and mature?
Thymus
62
helper T cells - markers and function
CD3+ and CD4+ - stimulate inflammation - activates macrophages - activates and class switching of B cells - increased epithelial barrier
63
cytotoxic T cells - markers and function
CD3,8+ | -kills cells infection with virus and cancer cells
64
NK T cells - markers and function
CD3,16,56+ - T cells that express NK cell markers - recognizes foreign lipid presented by APC - has helper and cytotoxic T functions
65
T regulatory cell - markers and function
CD3,4,25+ and FoxP3 | -suppress immune response
66
B-2 cells - markers and function
CD19,20+ | -Antibody secretion
67
B-1 cells - markers and function
CD5,19,20+ | -like B-2
68
Marginal zone B cells - markers and function
CD19,20+ | -in marginal zone of spleen, quickly produce antibody to encapsulated bacteria (like innate immune cell)
69
Regulatory B cells - markers and function
CD5,19,21+ | -suppress immune response
70
NK cell function
- recognize and kill virus-infected host cells | - recognize and kill cancer/abnormal cells
71
Cell marker for NK cell
CD56 and CD16
72
How do NK cells kill abnormal cells?
- Recognizing (or not) common cell markers (innate) - Produce IFN-upsilon to activate macrophages to digest intracellular microbes - Mediating ADCC (antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity) - CD16 interacts with Fc portion of antibody, if cell is coated with antibody, NK cell will recognize and kill the cell (adaptive immune)
73
Innate lymphoid cells
Lack T or B cell receptors; in skin, GI, and lung
74
Granulocytes
Mast cells (allergy, parasites), basophils (allergy, parasites), eosinophils (helminths)
75
Granule staining of granulocytes
Mast: purple/dark blue Basophil: purple/dark blue Eosinophil: Red
76
Humoral response
Targets microbes and their toxins Innate: complement pathway, cytokines Adaptive: antibodies, cytokines
77
Cell-mediated response
Destroys microbes inside phagocytes Innate: NK, granulocytes, macrophages Adaptive: T cells and B cells
78
What connects the innate and adaptive immune responses?
Dendritic cells - present antigen to naive T-cells
79
TLR
Toll-like receptor - recognize patterns (innate) so they can recognize LPS, glycoprotein, capsule, flagella, etc.
80
B cell recognizes....
Foreign material via B-cell receptors (antibody); only recognizes one epitope of an antigen so it's highly specific but it can recognize anything (adaptive)
81
T cell recognizes...
Peptide presented by APC (adaptive)

Foundations Exam 2 (8 decks)

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