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MCAT Bio kaplan > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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1
Q

Name two cell types that can release cytokines. Are they part of the innate or adaptive?

A

Macrophages and dendritic cells. Innate.

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2
Q

Hematopoietis

A

Production of leukocytes. Note: The production of all white blood cells (leukocytes) takes place in the bone marrow.

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3
Q

Where do B cells activate?

A

Spleen and lymph nodes.

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4
Q

What are the two branches of adaptive immunity?

A

humoral (B cells) and cell mediated (T cells)

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5
Q

What tissues does gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) consist of?

A

tonsils and adenoids in the head, Peyer’s patches in the small intestine, lymphoid aggregates in the appendix.

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6
Q

What kind of cells does a lymphoid stem cell give rise to?

A

Natural Killer Cell, T progenitor and B Progenitor

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7
Q

What kind of cells does the myeloid stem cell give rise to?

A

Granulocyte/monocytes progenitor, basophils progenitor, eosinophil progenitor, erythroid progenitor, megkaryocyte

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8
Q

What does the granulocyte/monocytes progenitor give rise to?

A

Monocytes (and macrophages), neutrophils, dendritic cells

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9
Q

What does the basophil progenitor give rise to?

A

Bsaophil, mast cell.

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10
Q

What does the megakryocyte give rise to?

A

Platelets

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11
Q

How does the megakaryocyte turn into platelets?

A

Thrombopoitein

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12
Q

How does the erythroid progenitor turn into erythrocytes?

A

Erythropoietin

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13
Q

Name three resident macrophage populations (in CNS, Skin, and bone)

A

Microfilm, Langerhans cells, osteoclasts.

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14
Q

In a CBC with differential what indicates a possibility of bacterial infection?

A

90 % of the white blood cells being neutrophils

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15
Q

In a CBC with differential, what indicates a possibility of parasitic infection?

A

20% of white blood cells being eosinophils

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16
Q

Antibacterial enzymes found in the skin?

A

Defensins

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17
Q

What is the Complement system, is it specific or nonspecific?

A

Complement consists of a number of proteins in the blood that act as a nonspecific defense against bacteria. They punch holes in the bacteria.

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18
Q

What are the two pathways of the Complement?

A

Classical Pathway (requires antibodies) and the alternative pathway (does not require antibodies).

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19
Q

Name four functions of the interferons.

A

1-Decrease the permeability of the other cells.
2- Cause a reduction in the production of both cellular and viral protein.
3- Upregulate MHC I and MHCII
4- Cause flu-like symptoms.

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20
Q

Imagine that a bacterial invader enters a tissue. What do macrophages do?

A

1-phagocytize
2-presenting pathogen peptides using the MHCII complex
3-releases cytokines

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21
Q

What are the alternative names for the pathways that incorporate MHCI and MHCII? Which cell types present each? What do they activate respectively?

A

MHCI—> endogenous pathway —> presented by cells intracellularly infected ( all uncleared cells possess it) —> recognized by killer T cells
MHCII—> exogenous pathway—-> presented by professional antigen presenting cells—>activation of both the innate and adaptive system

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22
Q

What are the professional antigen-presenting cells? (Name 4)

A

1-macrophages
2- dendritic cells in the skin
3- Some B-cells
4- certain activated epithelial cells

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23
Q

What are PRRs, what cells possess them, and what is a well understood PRR?

A

Pattern recognition receptor, identify the general type of the pathogen. —> release of the appropriate type of cytokines.
Macrophages and dendritic cells possess PRRs.
TLR (toll like receptor) is a PRR.

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24
Q

Which cells do natural killer cells target? How do they target them (do they kill them, neutralize them, or what? And how?)

A

The ones that manifest a downregualtion of MHC. These include cells infected with certain types of viruses and cancer cells. They promote apoptosis in these cells.

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25
Q

Most populous leukocyte in the blood?

A

Neutrophils

26
Q

are neutrophils phagocytic?

A

Yes

27
Q

What are some cool properties of neutrophils? ( :D ) sorry this is vague!

A

Their nucleus has three lobes. They are phagocytic. Target bacteria. They follow bacteria using chemotaksis, they can also detect bacteria once they have been opsonized. Dead neutrophils form pus.

28
Q

Which cells can detect opsonized bacteria?

A

Neutrophils, natural killer cells, macrophages, monocytes, and eosinophils.
(** think MMENN**)

29
Q

What type(s) of infection(s)/reaction(s) are eosinophils involved in?

A

Parasitic and allergic reaction

30
Q

What do eosinophils do once they have been activated?

A

Release large amounts of histamines.

31
Q

Least populous leukocyte?

A

Basophils

32
Q

What kind of infection(s)/reaction(s) are basophils involved in?

A

Allergic reactions.

33
Q

Which cells are mast cells related to and where do they exist?

A

Basophils. Exist in tissues, mucosa and epithelium

34
Q

What are the functions of the antigens that are released in the bodily fluids?

A

1- Neutralize (render the pathogen ineffective)
2- Opsonize (tag the pathogen)
3- agglutinate (make the pathogens clump together—>insoluble—>will be phagocytized later)

35
Q

What are the functions of antigens that are present on the cell surface?
Hint: first think about two types of cells will present antigens on their surface

A

In B cell: proliferate and make plasma cells and memory cells
In mast cells: degranulate and release histamine.

36
Q

How are the heavy chains and light chains of antibody held together? (What kinds of bonds?)

A

Disulfide linkage and noncovalent interactions

37
Q

What is the variable region of the antibody good for?

A

Specificity

38
Q

What is the constant domain of the antibody good for?

A 
Recognition by: 
1-natural killer cells
2-macrophages
3-monocytes
4-eosinophils 
They activate: 
5- the complement cascade
39
Q

What is colonal selection for? (Let’s say for B cells)

A

The variable region of the B cell undergoes hypermutation and only B cells that can bind the antigen with high affinity survive.
» specificity

40
Q

What are the different types of antibodies?

A 
IgM
IgE
IgG
IgD
IgA
41
Q

Isotype switching?

A

Cells can change which Ig subtype they produce based on the different cytokines they receive

42
Q

What are naive B cells?

A

They are mature, but have not been exposed to antigens yet. They wait in the lymph nodes.

43
Q

How many types of selection do the T cells undergo?

A

1- Positive selection: only those that respond to presentation of antigens on MHC survive, others undergo apoptosis
2- Negative selection: self reactive ones don’t survive.
3- clonal selection: only those with the highest affinity for the antigens survive

44
Q

What chemical induces the maturation of T cells?

A

Thymosin.

45
Q

What are the different types of T cells?

A

Helper T cells (CD4+), cytotoxic T cells (CD8+), Suppressor (regulatory)T cells.
Suppressors are also CD4+ but they additionally have foxp3

46
Q

What are lymphokines and what cells release them?

A

Are chemicals that recruit other immune cells (plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, and macrophages).
They are released by helper T cells.

47
Q

Which cells does HIV target?

A

CD4+ (Helper) T cells

48
Q

Which MHC class do helper T cells recognize, so what kind of pathogens are they effective against?

A

MHC II. Exogenous pathway, effective against parasites, bacteria, and fungi.

49
Q

What MHC class do CD8+ (Killer T cells) respond to, what is their response?

A

MHC I, (endogenous pathway) inject chemicals into the infected cell that promote apoptosis.

50
Q

What are the two functions of the suppressor T cells?

A

1- Tone down the immune response after the infection has been contained
2- turn off self-reactive lymphocytes —> promote self tolerance.

51
Q

Name two bacteria that are intracellular pathogens

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Listeria monocytogenes

52
Q

What are two functions of the dendritic cells?

A

1-They take the antigen and travel to the closest lymph node to present the antigen to the B cells.
2- present the antigens to the T cells. (Specifically CD4+ T cells).

53
Q

What are the two types of helper T cells?

A

Th1 and Th2.

54
Q

What do the Th1 cells do?

A

Release interferon gamma that activates the macrophages and increases their ability to kill bacteria.

55
Q

What do Th2 cells do?

A

Activate B cells and are more common in parasitic infections.

56
Q

What are the two different ways that a virally infected cell might die? (Think about the two different leukocytes involved)

A

1- presents antigens on MHC I -> recognized by cytotoxic T cells —> inject chemicals that kill
2- viral infection downregulates the MHC production—> Natural Killer cells identify them —> cause apoptosis

57
Q

What is Grave’s disease?

A

Autoimmune, against the TSH receptors—> hyperthyroidism

58
Q

What is Myesthenia gravis?

A

Autoimmune affecting the neuromuscular

Attacks the nicotine acetylcholine receptors

59
Q

Multiple Sclerosis?

A

Autoimmune affecting oligodendrocytes in the CNS

60
Q

Guillain Barré syndrome?

A

Autoimmune, affecting Schwann cells in the PNS.

61
Q

Where does the lymphatic system join the circulatory system?

A

Thoracic duct at the posterior chest at the base of the neck and empties into the subclavian vein

MCAT Bio kaplan (6 decks)

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