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MCAT Bio kaplan > Homeostasis > Flashcards

Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What category of drugs does ibuprofen belong too? What can its excessive prolonged use lead to (name a side effect).

A

NSAIDs (Non-steroidal Anti Inflammatory Doug’s). Kidney failure

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2
Q

What are the three anatomical sections of the kidney?

A

Cortex (on the outer side), medulla (on the inner side) and hilum (a slit mostly taken up by the pelvis).

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3
Q

Name the components between renal artery and vasa recta

A

Renal artery, afferent arteriole, glomeruli, efferent arteriole, vasa recta

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4
Q

Name the components of a nephron

A

Bowman capsule, proximal convoluted tubule, descending limb of the loop of Henle, ascending limb of the loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, ,collecting duct.

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5
Q

Name the three major portal systems in the body (also what is a portal system).

A

A portal system is when the blood passes through two capillary beds before returning to the heart.
1- hypophyseal portal system
2- renal portal system
3- hepatic portal system

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6
Q

What is the name of the inner lining of the bladder (the muscle) and what is the innervation for it in order to contract?

A

Detrusor muscle, parasympathetic activity.

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7
Q

What is the micturition reflex?

A

When the bladder is full, stretch receptors convey to the nervous system that the bladder requires emptying. This causes parasympathetic neurons to fire, and the detrusor muscle contracts.. This contraction also causes the internal sphincter to relax. This reflex is known as the micturition reflex.

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8
Q

What happens to the process of filtration if a stone obstructs the ureter?

A

An obstruction would result in a buildup if urine behind the stone. Eventually, enough fluid will build up and cause distension of the renal pelvis and the nephrons. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman’s capsule will increase to the point that filtration could no longer occur.

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9
Q

The filtrate composition is similar to that of the blood but it doesn’t contain what?

A

Cells and proteins.

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10
Q

If there are cells or proteins in the urine, this indicates a problem at the level of…?

A

Glomeruli.

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11
Q

Definitions of filtration, secretion and reabsorption?

A

Filtration: movement of solutes from blood to filtrate at Bowman’s capsule.
Secretion: Movement of solutes from blood to filtrate anywhere besides Bowman’s capsule.
reabsoprtion: movement of solutes from filtrate to blood.

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12
Q

What are the things that are reabsorbed in the proximal convoluted tubule? Mechanism?

A

1- glucose, amino acids, vitamins are actively transported
2- water (passive)
3- sodium (active )
4- chloride (passive)

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13
Q

What are the things that are secreted in the proximal convoluted tubule? What is the mode of transportation?

A

H+, K+, urea and NH3 are actively secreted.

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14
Q

What are the things that are reabsorbed in the descending limb of the loop of Henle? Mode of transportation?

A

Water, diffusion

This part of the loop is only permeable to water

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15
Q

What are the things that are secreted in the descending loop of Henle?

A

Nothing

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16
Q

What are the things that are reabsorbed in the lower part of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle? Mode of transportation?

A

Sodium and Chloride Ions diffuse

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17
Q

What are the things that are secreted into the lower part of the the ascending loop of Henle?

A

Nothing.
Except that kind of indirectly, urea might move from the collection tube to the interstitium and into the lower part of the ascending loop of Henle (based on the picture p345).

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18
Q

What are the things that are reabsorbed in the thick portion of the ascending loop of Henle? Mode of transportation

A

Sodium and Chloride ions, are actively transported
Remember that this portion is thick because the cells that make it up are thick because they have lots of mitochondria for active transportation

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19
Q

What are the things that are secreted into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle?

A

Nothing!

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20
Q

What are the things that are secreted into the distal convoluted tubule? Mode of transportation?

A

NH3, K+, H+

All active

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21
Q

What are the things that are reabsorbed from the distal convoluted tubule?

A

Water (diffusion)

Sodium (active transport)

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22
Q

In the proximal convoluted tubule, is the filtrate hypotonic, isotonic, or hypertonic to the intersitium? How?

A

More or less isotonic. Although we have a lot of material reabsorbed, there is also a lot of water that is reabsorbed.

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23
Q

How is the osmolarity of the inner medulla as you move in further deeper into it ( or equivalently, move down the descending limb of the loop of Henle)?

A

Osmolarity increases,, which means that more and more water is reabsorbed

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24
Q

What is the osmolarity of the interstitium relative to the blood in the cortex?

A

Is the same

25
Q

What is the thick segment of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle called?

A

Diluting segment

26
Q

The only section of the nephron that can produce urine that is more dilute than the blood?

A

The diluting segment!

27
Q

What portion of the nephron responds to aldosterone? What does it do?

A

Distal convoluted tubule. Makes it reabsorb more sodium. Water is also drawn in after sodium.

28
Q

What hormones affect the collecting duct.

A

1-aldosterone

2-ADH

29
Q

What kind of drug is used in congestive heart failure when body accumulates excess fluid in the lungs or peripheral tissues (edema)?

A

Diuretics

30
Q

Where is angiotensinogen produced?

A

Liver

31
Q

How does aldosterone work in response to low blood pressure? Explain the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway

A

Decreased blood pressure stimulates the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells in the kidney. Renin then cleaves angiotensinogen, to form angiotensin I. This peptide is then metabolized by angiotensin-converting enzyme in the lungs to form angiotensin II, which promotes the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex.

32
Q

What are the drugs that end with -artan like losartan?

A

Angiotensin II receptor blockers. Lower blood pressure

33
Q

What triggers the release of ADH? (What condition in the blood)?

A

High blood osmolarity.

34
Q

What affect does it have on the nephrons and how?

A

It directly alters the permeability of the collecting duct. Allowing more water to be absorbed by making the cell junctions of the duct leaky.

35
Q

How does the cardiovascular system interact with the endocrine system to raise the blood pressure? (Be specific about what happens in the kidneys for example)

A

Constriction of the afferent arteriole will lead to a lower pressure of blood reaching the glomeruli, which are adjacent to the juxtaglomerular cells. Therefore, this vasoconstriction will secondarily lead to renin release, which will also help raise blood pressure.

36
Q

Normal blood osmolarity?

A

290 mOsm per liter

37
Q

Is the respiratory response or the endocrine response of the kidneys faster for regulation of blood PH?

A

respiratory

38
Q

If blood pH is to low, what does the respiratory system do?

A

Increase the respiratory rate to blow off more CO2 and favor the conversion of H+ and HCO3- to water and CO2.

39
Q

What do the kidneys do in response to high pH in the blood?

A

Excrete more bicarbonate and increase the reabsorption of hydrogen ions.

40
Q

What are the three layer of skin?

A

Hypodermics (subcutaneous), dermis, epidermis.

41
Q

What are the layers of epidermis from deepest to the least deep?

A

Stratum basalt, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (in thick hairless skin), stratum corneum

42
Q

What are two cell types in stratum basale?

A

Keratinocytes, and melanocytes

43
Q

What cells are in stratum spinosum, what happens in stratum spinosum?

A

Langerhans cells and keratinocytes.

In stratum spinosum keratinocytes become connected to each other.

44
Q

What happens in stratum granulosum?

A

Keratinocytes die and lose their nuclei.

45
Q

What is stratum corneum?

A

Several dozen layers of flattened keratinocytes.

46
Q

What kind of cells do melanocytes originate from?

A

Neural crest cells.

47
Q

What are the layers of dermis?

A

Papillary layer and reticular layer.

48
Q

Where do sweat glands, hair follicles and blood vessels originate?

A

In the dermis.

49
Q

Where are most of the sensory receptors located in the skin (hypoderm, dermis, or epidermis)?

A

Dermis

50
Q

What are Merkel cells (discs) and where are they located?

A

Sensory receptors present at the epidermal-dermal junction. Are connected to sensory neurons and are responsible for deep pressure and texture sensation within the skin.

51
Q

What do free nerve endings respond to in the skin?

A

Pain.

52
Q

What are Meissner’s corpuscles?

A

Respond to light touch

53
Q

What do Ruffini endings respond to?

A

Stretch

54
Q

What do pacinian corpuscles respond to?

A

Deep pressure and vibration

55
Q

What kind of innervation do sweat glands get, and what does this innervation do?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons that utilize acetylcholine innervate sweat glands and promote the secretion of water with certain ions onto the skin.

56
Q

All postganglionic sympathetic neurons except those of sweat glands are cholinergic or noradrenergic?

A

Noradreneegic

57
Q

All preganglionic cells in the autonomous nervous system are cholinergic or noradrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

58
Q

All postganglionic parasympathetic neurons are cholinergic/noradrenergic?

A

Cholinergic

59
Q

What is special about be

Down fat?

A

Has much less efficient electron transport chain which means that more heat is released.

MCAT Bio kaplan (6 decks)

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